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Ngokusekelwe ezimpambanweni zemikhakha yefiziksi nesayensi yezempilo, amasu okuxilonga nawokwelapha asekelwe emithini enembayo muva nje adonse ukunaka okukhulu ngenxa yokusebenziseka okungokoqobo kwezindlela ezintsha zobunjiniyela emikhakheni eminingi yezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ku-oncology.Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultrasound ukuhlasela amangqamuzana omdlavuza kumathumba ukuze kubangele ukulimala okungaba khona kwemishini ezikalini ezahlukahlukene kuheha ukunaka okwandayo kososayensi emhlabeni jikelele.Ngokucabangela lezi zici, ngokusekelwe kuzixazululo zesikhathi se-elastodynamic kanye nokulingiswa kwezinombolo, sethula isifundo sokuqala sokulingisa kwekhompuyutha yokusakaza kwe-ultrasound ezicutshini ukuze kukhethwe amaza namandla afanelekile ngemisebe yendawo.Inkundla entsha yokuxilonga yobuchwepheshe belabhorethri i-On-Fiber, ebizwa ngenaliti yasesibhedlela futhi isivele inelungelo lobunikazi.Kukholakala ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kanye nemininingwane ehlobene ye-biophysical ingase ivule indlela yezindlela ezintsha ezididiyelwe zokuxilonga nezindlela zokwelapha ezingadlala indima eyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni komuthi onembayo esikhathini esizayo, ukudweba emikhakheni ye-physics.Ukubambisana okukhulayo phakathi kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kuyaqala .
Ngokusetshenziswa kahle kwenani elikhulu lezicelo zomtholampilo, isidingo sokunciphisa imiphumela emibi ezigulini kancane kancane saqala ukuvela.Kuze kube manje, umuthi wokunemba1, 2, 3, 4, 5 usuphenduke umgomo wamasu wokunciphisa umthamo wezidakamizwa ezilethwa ezigulini, ngokuyisisekelo kulandelwa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko.Esokuqala sisekelwe ekwelashweni okuklanywe ngokuya ngephrofayili ye-genomic yesiguli.Okwesibili, osekuba indinganiso yegolide ku-oncology, ihlose ukugwema izinqubo zokulethwa kwezidakamizwa ezihlelekile ngokuzama ukukhulula umthamo omncane wezidakamizwa, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwandisa ukunemba ngokusetshenziswa kokwelashwa kwendawo.Umgomo omkhulu uwukuqeda noma okungenani ukunciphisa imiphumela engemihle yezindlela eziningi zokwelapha, njengokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali noma ukuphathwa okuhleliwe kwama-radionuclides.Ngokuya ngohlobo lomdlavuza, indawo, umthamo wemisebe, nezinye izici, ngisho nokwelashwa ngemisebe kungaba sengozini enkulu yemvelo ezicutshini ezinempilo.Ekwelapheni i-glioblastoma6,7,8,9 ukuhlinzwa kususa ngempumelelo umdlavuza owumsuka, kodwa ngisho nalapho kungekho metastase, kungase kube khona ukungena okuncane okuncane okunomdlavuza.Uma zingasuswa ngokuphelele, izixuku ezintsha zomdlavuza zingakhula phakathi nesikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa.Kulo mongo, amasu emithi yokunemba okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla anzima ukuwasebenzisa ngoba lokhu kungena kunzima ukukubona nokusabalala endaweni enkulu.Lezi zithiyo zivimbela imiphumela eqondile ekuvimbeleni noma yikuphi ukuphindeka ngomuthi onembayo, ngakho izindlela zokulethwa kwesistimu ziyakhethwa kwezinye izimo, nakuba izidakamizwa ezisetshenziswayo zingaba namazinga aphezulu kakhulu obuthi.Ukuze unqobe le nkinga, indlela yokwelapha efanelekile kungaba ukusebenzisa amasu angavamisile angahlasela amangqamuzana omdlavuza ngokukhetha ngaphandle kokuthinta izicubu ezinempilo.Ngenxa yale ngxabano, ukusetshenziswa kokudlidliza kwe-ultrasonic, okuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kuthinta amangqamuzana anomdlavuza futhi anempilo ngendlela ehlukile, kokubili ezinhlelweni ze-unicellular kanye namaqoqo e-mesoscale heterogeneous, kubonakala njengesixazululo esingenzeka.
Ngokombono wemishini, amangqamuzana anempilo futhi anomdlavuza empeleni anezandiso ezihlukene zemvelo ezizwakalayo.Lesi sakhiwo sihlotshaniswa nezinguquko ze-oncogenic ezicini zemishini yesakhiwo se-cytoskeletal yamangqamuzana omdlavuza12,13, kuyilapho amangqamuzana e-tumor, ngokwesilinganiso, ekhubazeka kakhulu kunamaseli avamile.Ngakho-ke, ngokukhetha okufanelekile kwefrikhwensi ye-ultrasound yokuvuselela, ukudlidliza okwenziwa ezindaweni ezikhethiwe kungabangela ukulimala kwezakhiwo ezinomdlavuza, kunciphise umthelela endaweni enempilo yomsingathi.Le miphumela engakaqondwa ngokugcwele ingase ihlanganise ukucekelwa phansi kwezingxenye ezithile zesakhiwo samangqamuzana ngenxa yokudlidliza kwe-high-frequency okubangelwa i-ultrasound (empeleni efana kakhulu ne-lithotripsy14) kanye nokulimala kwamaselula ngenxa yento efana nokukhathala kwemishini, yona engashintsha isakhiwo seselula. .izinhlelo kanye ne-mechanobiology.Nakuba lesi sixazululo sethiyori sibonakala sifaneleka kakhulu, ngeshwa asikwazi ukusetshenziswa ezimweni lapho izakhiwo ze-anechoic biological zivimbela ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwe-ultrasound, ngokwesibonelo, ekusetshenzisweni kwe-intracranial ngenxa yokuba khona kwethambo, kanti ezinye izimila zesifuba zesifuba zitholakala ku-adipose. izicubu.Ukunciphisa kungase kukhawulele indawo yomphumela wokwelapha ongaba khona.Ukuze unqobe lezi zinkinga, i-ultrasound kufanele isetshenziswe endaweni kanye nama-transducer aklanywe ngokukhethekile angafinyelela indawo efakwe imisebe ngendlela ehlaselayo kancane ngangokunokwenzeka.Sinalokhu engqondweni, sicabangele ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa imibono ehlobene nethuba lokudala inkundla yezobuchwepheshe entsha ebizwa ngokuthi “isibhedlela senaliti”15.Umqondo othi “Isibhedlela Esisenalitini” uhilela ukuthuthukiswa kwethuluzi lezokwelapha elingangeneleli kancane ekuhlolweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokwelapha, okusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yenaliti eyodwa yezokwelapha.Njengoba kuxoxwe ngokuningiliziwe engxenyeni Yenaliti Yesibhedlela, le divayisi ehlangene isekelwe ngokuyinhloko enzuzweni ye-16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 fiber optic probes, okuthi, ngenxa yezimpawu zayo, ilungele ukufakwa ku-standard 20. izinaliti zezokwelapha, 22 lumens.Ngokusebenzisa ukuguquguquka okuhlinzekwa ubuchwepheshe be-Lab-on-Fiber (LOF)23, i-fiber isiba inkundla eyingqayizivele ngempumelelo yamadivaysi okuxilonga nawokwelapha asetshenziswa kancane futhi alungele ukusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa i-fluid biopsy kanye ne-tissue biopsy.ekutholeni i-biomolecular24,25, ukulethwa kwezidakamizwa zendawo okuqondiswa ukukhanya26,27, ukunemba okuphezulu kwe-imaging yendawo ye-ultrasound28, ukwelashwa okushisayo29,30 kanye nokuhlonza izicubu zomdlavuza ezisekelwe ku-spectroscopy31.Ngaphakathi kwalo mqondo, sisebenzisa indlela yokwenza indawo esekelwe kudivayisi "yenaliti esibhedlela", siphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthuthukisa ukukhuthazwa kwendawo kwezakhiwo zebhayoloji ezihlala khona ngokusebenzisa ukusakazwa kwamagagasi e-ultrasound ngezinaliti ukuze sithokozise amagagasi e-ultrasound ngaphakathi kwesifunda esithakaselwayo..Ngakho-ke, i-ultrasound ye-low-intensity therapeutic ultrasound ingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile endaweni enobungozi ngokuhlasela okuncane kwamaseli e-sonicating kanye nokwakheka okuncane okuqinile ezicubu ezithambile, njengoba esimweni sokuhlinzwa okukhulunywe ngenhla kwe-intracranial, imbobo encane ku-skull kufanele ifakwe inaliti.Igqugquzelwe yimiphumela yakamuva yethiyori neyokuhlola ephakamisa ukuthi i-ultrasound ingamisa noma ibambezele ukukhula komdlavuza othile,32,33,34 indlela ehlongozwayo ingase isize ukubhekana, okungenani ngokuyisisekelo, ukuhwebelana okubalulekile phakathi kwemiphumela enolaka neyokwelapha.Sinalokhu kucatshangelwa, ephepheni lamanje, siphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa inaliti yasesibhedlela yokwelapha umdlavuza we-ultrasound ehlasela kancane.Ngokunemba kakhudlwana, ku-Scattering Analysis of Spherical Tumor Masss for Estimating Growth-Dependent Ultrasound Frequency section, sisebenzisa izindlela ezisungulwe kahle ze-elastodynamic kanye ne-acoustic scattering theory ukuze sibikezele ubukhulu bamathumba aqinile ayindilinga akhule endaweni enwebekayo.ukuqina okwenzeka phakathi kwesimila kanye nezicubu zokusingatha ngenxa yokulungiswa kabusha kwezinto okubangelwa ukukhula.Ngemva kokuchaza uhlelo lwethu, esilubiza ngokuthi “Isibhedlela Esiyinaliti”, esigabeni esithi “Isibhedlela Esiyinaliti”, sihlaziya ukusatshalaliswa kwamagagasi e-ultrasonic ngezinaliti zezokwelapha kumaza abikezelwe futhi imodeli yawo yezinombolo ikhanyisa imvelo yokufunda. imingcele yejometri eyinhloko (ububanzi bangempela bangaphakathi , ubude nobukhali benaliti), okuthinta ukudluliswa kwamandla we-acoustic wensimbi.Njengoba kunikezwe isidingo sokuthuthukisa amasu amasha obunjiniyela bemithi enembile, kukholakala ukuthi ucwaningo oluhlongozwayo lungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ithuluzi elisha lokwelashwa komdlavuza ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-ultrasound elethwa nge-platform edidiyelwe yokuxilonga ehlanganisa i-ultrasound nezinye izixazululo.Kuhlanganisiwe, njengokulethwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlosiwe kanye nokuxilongwa kwesikhathi sangempela phakathi kwenaliti eyodwa.
Ukusebenza kahle kokuhlinzeka ngamasu emishini yokwelapha izimila eziqinile zasendaweni kusetshenziswa ukugqugquzelwa kwe-ultrasonic (i-ultrasound) kube umgomo wamaphepha amaningana akhuluma ngombono nangokuhlola umphumela wokudlidliza kwe-ultrasonic okunamandla aphansi kumasistimu eseli elilodwa 10, 11, 12 . , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Besebenzisa amamodeli e-viscoelastic, abaphenyi abaningana baye babonisa ngokuhlaziya ukuthi isimila namaseli anempilo abonisa izimpendulo zemvamisa ehlukene ezibonakala ngeziqongo ezizwakalayo ezihlukene e-US 10,11,12.Lo mphumela uphakamisa ukuthi, ngokuyisisekelo, amangqamuzana e-tumor angahlaselwa ngokukhetha yizisusa zemishini ezigcina indawo yokusingatha.Lokhu kuziphatha kuwumphumela oqondile wobufakazi obubalulekile bokuthi, ezimweni eziningi, amangqamuzana e-tumor athambile kakhulu kunamaseli anempilo, ngokunokwenzeka ukuze athuthukise ikhono lawo lokukhula futhi afuduke37,38,39,40.Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni etholwe ngamamodeli eseli elilodwa, isb esikalini esincane, ukukhetha kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza kuye kwaboniswa ku-mesoscale ngocwaningo lwezinombolo lwezimpendulo ezivumelanayo zamangqamuzana amaseli ahlukahlukene.Ukunikeza iphesenti elihlukile lamaseli omdlavuza namaseli anempilo, izilinganiso zamangqamuzana amaningi amakhulu ama-micrometer ngosayizi zakhiwe ngokulandelana.Kuma-mesoleveli alezi zibalo, ezinye izici ze-microscopic ezithakaselwayo zigcinwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuqondile kwezinto eziyinhloko zesakhiwo ezibonisa ukuziphatha komshini kwamaseli awodwa.Ikakhulukazi, iseli ngalinye lisebenzisa i-tensegrity-based architecture ukulingisa ukusabela kwezinhlaka ze-cytoskeletal ezihlukahlukene ezicindezelekile, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukuqina kwazo zonke12,13.Izibikezelo zethiyori kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-in vitro kwezincwadi ezingenhla kunikeze imiphumela ekhuthazayo, ebonisa isidingo sokutadisha ukuzwela kwenqwaba yesimila ku-low-intensity therapeutic ultrasound (LITUS), kanye nokuhlolwa kwemvamisa yokukhishwa kwemisebe yenqwaba yesimila kubalulekile.beka i-LITUS yohlelo lokusebenza esizeni.
Kodwa-ke, ezingeni lezicubu, incazelo ye-submacroscopic yengxenye ngayinye ilahleka ngokungenakugwenywa, futhi izakhiwo zezicubu zesimila zingalandelelwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezilandelanayo zokulandelela ukukhula kwenqwaba kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa kabusha ezibangelwa ukucindezeleka, kucatshangelwa imiphumela ye-macroscopic ukukhula.-izinguquko ezibangelwa ukuqina kwezicubu esikalini se-41.42.Ngempela, ngokungafani nezinhlelo ze-unicellular kanye ne-aggregate, izimila eziqinile zikhula ezicutshini ezithambile ngenxa yokunqwabelana kancane kancane kwezingcindezi ezisalayo, ezishintsha izici zemishini yemvelo ngenxa yokwanda kokuqina kwe-intratumoral, kanye ne-tumor sclerosis ngokuvamile iba yisici esinqumayo ukutholakala kwesimila.
Sinalokhu kucatshangelwa, lapha sihlaziya impendulo ye-sonodynamic ye-tumor spheroids efaniswe njenge-elastic spherical inclusions ekhula endaweni evamile yethishu.Ngokuqondile, izakhiwo ezinwebekayo ezihambisana nesiteji sesimila zanqunywa ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yethiyori neyokuhlola etholwe abanye ababhali emsebenzini odlule.Phakathi kwazo, ukuvela kwe-solid tumor spheroids ekhule ku-vivo emithonjeni ye-heterogeneous kuye kwacutshungulwa ngokusebenzisa amamodeli wemishini angaqondile angu-41,43,44 ngokuhambisana nokuguquguquka kwe-interspecies ukubikezela ukuthuthukiswa kwenqwaba yesimila kanye nokucindezeleka okuhambisana ne-intratumoral.Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukukhula (isb., ukwelulwa kwe-inelastic prestretching) kanye nokucindezeleka okuyinsalela kubangela ukulungiswa kabusha kwezakhiwo ze-tumor material, ngaleyo ndlela kuphinde kuguqule ukusabela kwayo kwe-acoustic.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ku-ref.41 ukuvela ngokubambisana kokukhula nokucindezeleka okuqinile kumathumba kuye kwaboniswa emikhankasweni yokuhlola kumamodeli ezilwane.Ikakhulukazi, ukuqhathaniswa kokuqina kwenqwaba yesimila sebele esikhishwe ezigabeni ezihlukene nokuqina okutholwe ngokukhiqiza kabusha izimo ezifanayo ku-silico kumodeli ye-spherical finite element enobukhulu obufanayo futhi kucatshangelwa inkambu yengcindezi eyinsalela ebikezelwe yaqinisekisa indlela ehlongozwayo ubuqiniso bemodeli..Kulo msebenzi, imiphumela yethiyori neyokuhlola etholwe ngaphambilini isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa isu elisha lokwelapha elithuthukisiwe.Ikakhulukazi, osayizi ababikezelwe abanezici ezifanayo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zokumelana babalwe lapha, ngaleyo ndlela basetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ububanzi bemvamisa lapho izimila zesimila ezishumekwe khona endaweni yokusingatha zizwela kakhulu.Kuze kube manje, siphenye ngendlela eguquguqukayo yokuziphatha kwenqwaba yesimila ezigabeni ezehlukene, sicabangela izinkomba ze-acoustic ngokuhambisana nesimiso esamukelekayo sokusakazeka ngokusabela ku-ultrasonic stimuli nokugqamisa izenzakalo ezingase zibe ne-resonant ye-spheroid. .kuye ngesimila kanye nomsingathi Umehluko oncike ekukhuleni kokuqina phakathi kwezicubu.
Ngakho-ke, uquqaba lwesimila lumodelwe njengama-elastic sphere of radius \(a\) endaweni ezungezile enwebekayo yomsingathi ngokusekelwe kudatha yokuhlola ebonisa ukuthi izakhiwo eziyingozi ezinkulu zikhula kanjani ku-situ ngamajamo ayindilinga.Kubhekiselwa kuMfanekiso 1, kusetshenziswa izixhumanisi eziyindilinga \(\{ r,\theta ,\varphi \}\) (lapho \(\theta\) kanye \(\varphi\) zimele i-engeli engavamile ne-azimuth ngokulandelana), isizinda sesimila sithatha Isifunda esishumekwe endaweni enempilo \({\mathcal {V}}_{T}=\{ (r,\theta ,\varphi ):r\le a\}\) isifunda esingenamkhawulo \({\mathcal { V} }_{H} = \{ (r,\theta,\varphi):r > a\}\).Ebhekisela kuLwazi Olwengeziwe (SI) ukuze uthole incazelo ephelele yemodeli yezibalo ngokusekelwe kusisekelo esimisiwe se-elastodynamic esibikwe ezincwadini eziningi45,46,47,48, sibheka lapha inkinga ebonakala ngemodi ye-axisymmetric oscillation.Lokhu kucabangela kusho ukuthi zonke iziguquko ngaphakathi kwesimila kanye nezindawo ezinempilo zizimele ku-azimuthal coordinate \(\varphi\) nokuthi akukho ukuhlanekezela okwenzeka kule ndlela.Ngakho-ke, izinkambu zokufuduka kanye nengcindezi zingatholwa ezintweni ezimbili ezinamandla \(\phi = \hat{\phi}\left( {r,\theta} \kwesokudla)e^{{ - i \omega {\ kern 1pt } t }}\) kanye \(\chi = \hat{\chi }\left( {r,\theta } \kwesokudla)e^{{ – i\omega {\kern 1pt} t }}\) , ngokulandelana kuhlobene namagagasi e-longitudinal kanye negagasi lokugunda, isikhathi sokuhlangana t phakathi kokukhuphuka \(\theta \) kanye ne-engeli ephakathi kokuqondisa kwegagasi lesigameko kanye nevekhtha yendawo \({\mathbf {x))\) ( njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso 1) futhi \(\omega = 2\pi f\) imele imvamisa ye-angular.Ikakhulukazi, inkambu yesigameko imodelwe igagasi lendiza \(\phi_{H}^{(in)}\) (futhi yethulwe ohlelweni lwe-SI, nge-equation (A.9)) esakazekela kuvolumu yomzimba. ngokwenkulumo yomthetho
lapho \(\phi_{0}\) kuyipharamitha ye-amplitude.Ukunwetshwa okuyindilinga kwegagasi lendiza yesigameko (1) kusetshenziswa umsebenzi wegagasi eliyindilinga ukungqubuzana okujwayelekile:
Lapho \(j_{n}\) kuwumsebenzi we-Bessel oyindilinga wohlobo lokuqala lwe-oda \(n\), futhi \(P_{n}\) i-Legendre polynomial.Ingxenye ye-wave yesigameko ye-investimenti ye-investimenti ihlakazekile endaweni ezungezile futhi yeqa inkundla yesigameko, kuyilapho enye ingxenye ihlakazekile ngaphakathi kwe-sphere, okunikela ekudlidlizeni kwayo.Ukuze wenze lokhu, izixazululo ze-harmonic ze-wave equation \(\nabla^{2} \hat{\phi } + k_{1}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} \hat{\phi } = 0\,\ ) kanye \ (\ nabla^{2} {\mkern 1mu} \hat{\chi } + k_{2}^{2} \hat{\chi } = 0\), kunikezwe isibonelo ngu-Eringen45 (bheka futhi SI ) ingase ibonise isimila nezindawo ezinempilo.Ikakhulukazi, amaza okunwebeka ahlakazekile namagagasi e-isovolumic akhiqizwa endaweni yokusingatha \(H\) avuma amandla awo ahlukahlukene:
Phakathi kwazo, umsebenzi we-Hankel oyindilinga wohlobo lokuqala \(h_{n}^{(1)}\) usetshenziselwa ukucabangela igagasi elihlakazekile eliphumayo, kanye \(\alpha_{n}\) kanye \(\beta_{ n}\ ) ama-coefficients angaziwa.ku-equation.Ezilinganisweni (2)–(4), amagama \(k_{H1}\) kanye \(k_{H2}\) asho izinombolo zamagagasi ezingavamile kanye namagagasi aguquguqukayo endaweni eyinhloko yomzimba, ngokulandelana ( bona SI).Izinkambu zokuminyanisa ngaphakathi kwesimila namashifu zinefomu
Lapho i-\(k_{T1}\) kanye \(k_{T2}\) imele izinombolo zamagagasi e-longitudinal kanye ne-transverse endaweni yesimila, futhi ama-coefficient angaziwa athi \(\gamma_{n} {\mkern 1mu}\) , \(\ eta_{n} {\mkern 1mu}\).Ngokusekelwe kule miphumela, izingxenye ze-radial okungezona uziro kanye ne-circumferential displacement ziyisici sezifunda ezinempilo enkingeni ecatshangelwayo, njengokuthi \(u_{Hr}\) kanye \(u_{H\theta}\) (\(u_{ H\ varphi }\ ) ukucabangela kokulinganisa akusadingeki) — kungatholwa ekuhlobaneni \(u_{Hr} = \partial_{r} \left( {\phi + \partial_{r}) (r\chi ) } \kwesokudla) + k_}^{2 } {\mkern 1mu} r\chi\) kanye \(u_{H\theta} = r^{- 1} \ingxenye_{\theta} \kwesokunxele({\phi + \ingxenye_{r } ( r\chi ) } \kwesokudla)\) ngokwakha \(\phi = \phi_{H}^{(in)} + \phi_{H}^{(s)}\) kanye \ (\chi = \chi_ {H}^ {(s)}\) (bona i-SI ukuze uthole okuningiliziwe kokutholwa kwezibalo).Ngokufanayo, ukufaka esikhundleni \(\phi = \phi_{T}^{(s)}\) kanye \(\chi = \chi_{T}^{(s)}\) kubuyisela {Tr} = \partial_{r} \kwesokunxele( {\phi + \partial_{r} (r\chi)} \kwesokudla) + k_{T2}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} r\chi\) kanye \(u_{T\theta} = r^{-1}\ingxenye _{\theta }\kwesokunxele({\phi +\partial_{r}(r\chi )}\kwesokudla)\).
(Kwesobunxele) Ijiyomethri yesimila esiyindilinga esikhule endaweni enempilo lapho inkambu yesigameko isakazeka khona, (kwesokudla) Ukuvela kwenguquko ehambisanayo yesilinganiso sokuqina kwesimila njengomsebenzi weradius yesimila, idatha ebikiwe (ethathwe ku-Carotenuto et al. 41) kusuka ekuhlolweni kokucindezelwa kwe-vitro kutholwe kumathumba ebele aqinile afakwe amaseli e-MDA-MB-231.
Uma kubhekwa izinto ezinwebekayo ezinomugqa kanye ne-isotropic, izingxenye zengcindezi okungeyona iqanda ezindaweni ezinempilo nezimila, okungukuthi \(\sigma_{Hpq}\) kanye \(\sigma_{Tpq}\) - thobela umthetho we-Hooke ojwayelekile, uma nje kukhona zihlukile i-Lamé moduli , ebonisa umsingathi kanye nokunwebeka kwesimila, okuchazwa ngokuthi \(\{ \mu_{H},\,\lambda_{H} \}\) kanye \(\{ \mu_{T},\, \lambda_ {T} \ }\) (bona i-Equation (A.11) ukuze uthole ukuvezwa okuphelele kwezingxenye zokucindezeleka ezimelelwe ku-SI).Ikakhulukazi, ngokwedatha ekureferensi 41 futhi ethulwe kuMdwebo 1, amathumba akhulayo akhombisa ushintsho ekuqineni kwezicubu.Ngakho-ke, ukugudluzwa kanye nokucindezeleka ezindaweni zomsingathi kanye nezimila kunqunywa ngokuphelele kuze kufike kusethi yama-constants angaziwa \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n} = \{ \alpha_{n} ,{\mkern 1mu } \ beta_{ n} {\mkern 1mu} \gamma_{n} ,\eta_{n} \}\ ) inobukhulu obungapheli ngokomcabango.Ukuze uthole lawa ma-coefficient vectors, izixhumanisi ezifanelekile nezimo zomngcele phakathi kwe-tumor nezindawo ezinempilo ziyethulwa.Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi isibopho esiphelele ku-interface ye-tumor-host \(r = a\), ukuqhubeka kokufuduka nokucindezeleka kudinga izimo ezilandelayo:
Uhlelo (7) lwakha uhlelo lwezibalo olunezixazululo ezingapheli.Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo somngcele ngamunye sizoncika ekuxabaneni \(\theta\).Ukuze unciphise inkinga yenani lomngcele ibe inkinga ephelele ye-algebraic namasethi \(N\) wesistimu evaliwe, ngayinye ekwaziwa \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n} = \{ \alpha_ {n},{ \mkern 1mu} \beta_{n} {\mkern 1mu} \gamma_{n}, \eta_{n} \}_{n = 0,…,N}\) (nge-\ ( N \ kuye \infty \), ngokwethiyori), kanye nokuqeda ukuncika kwezibalo kumigomo ye-trigonometric, izimo zokusebenzisana zibhalwa ngendlela ebuthakathaka kusetshenziswa i-orthogonality ye-Legendre polynomials.Ikakhulukazi, isibalo (7)1,2 kanye (7)3,4 siphindaphindwa ngokuthi \(P_{n} \kwesokunxele( {\cos \theta} \kwesokudla)\) kanye \(P_{n}^{ 1} \kwesokunxele( {\cos\theta}\kwesokudla)\) bese uhlanganisa phakathi kuka-\(0\) kanye \(\pi\) usebenzisa ubunikazi bezibalo:
Ngakho, isimo sokusebenzelana (7) sibuyisela isistimu ye-algebraic equation ye-quadratic, engavezwa ngefomu le-matrix njengokuthi \({\mathbb{D}}_{n} (a) \cdot {{\varvec{\upxi }} } _{ n} = {\mathbf{q}}_{n} (a)\) futhi uthole okungaziwa \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n}\ ) ngokuxazulula umthetho we-Cramer.
Ukuze ulinganisele ukuguquguquka kwamandla asakazwa yindilinga futhi uthole ulwazi mayelana nokusabela kwayo kwe-acoustic ngokusekelwe kudatha yenkundla ehlakazekile esakaza endaweni yokusingatha, inani le-acoustic liyathakazelisa, okuyingxenye evamile yokuhlakazeka kwe-bistatic.Ikakhulukazi, ingxenye enqamulayo ehlakazekayo, efanekiselwa \(ama), iveza isilinganiso phakathi kwamandla e-acoustic adluliswa isignali ehlakazekile kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla athwalwa igagasi lesigameko.Mayelana nalokhu, ubukhulu bomsebenzi womumo \(\left| {F_{\infty} \left(\theta \right)} \kwesokudla|^{2}\) inani elisetshenziswa njalo ocwaningweni lwezinqubo ze-acoustic. eshumekwe oketshezini noma okuqinile Ukuhlakazeka kwezinto enzikeni.Ngokunembe kakhudlwana, i-amplitude yomsebenzi womumo ichazwa njengesigaba esiphambanayo esihlakazekayo esihlukanisayo \(ds\) ngendawo yeyunithi, ehluka ngokujwayelekile kuya ekusakazeni kwegagasi lesigameko:
lapho \(f_{n}^{pp}\) kanye \(f_{n}^{ps}\) isho umsebenzi we-modal, obhekisela esilinganisweni samandla egagasi le-longitudinal kanye negagasi elihlakazekile elihlobene Isigameko se-P-wave endaweni eyamukelayo, ngokulandelana, inikezwa ngalezi zinkulumo ezilandelayo:
Imisebenzi yamagagasi ayingxenye (i-10) ingafundwa ngokuzimela ngokuhambisana ne-resonant scattering theory (RST)49,50,51,52, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ukunwebeka okuhlosiwe kusukela kunkambu ephelele elahlekile lapho ufunda izindlela ezahlukene.Ngokwale ndlela, umsebenzi wefomu le-modal ungahlukaniswa ube isamba sezingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo, okungukuthi \(f_{n} = f_{n}^{(res)} + f_{n}^{(b)}\ ) zihlobene nama-amplitudes angemuva anomsindo kanye ne-nonresonant, ngokulandelana.Umsebenzi womumo wemodi ye-resonant uhlobene nokuphendula kwethagethi, kuyilapho ingemuva livame ukuhlobana nokuma kwesihlakala.Ukuze uthole ifomethi yokuqala yethagethi yemodi ngayinye, ubukhulu bomsebenzi womumo wemodali we-resonance \(\left| {f_{n}^{(res)} \left( \theta \kwesokudla)} \kwesokudla|\ ) ibalwa ngokuthatha ingemuva eliqinile, elihlanganisa ama-sphere angangeneki kumpahla yokusingathwa okunwebekayo.Le nkolelo-mbono igqugquzelwa yiqiniso lokuthi, ngokuvamile, kokubili ukuqina nokuminyana kuyanda ngokukhula kwenqwaba yesimila ngenxa yokucindezeleka okusalayo.Ngakho, ezingeni elinzima lokukhula, isilinganiso se-impedance \(\rho_{T} c_{1T} /\rho_{H} c_{1H}\) kulindeleke ukuthi sibe sikhulu kuno-1 kumathumba amaningi aqinile akhula ngokuthambile. izicubu.Isibonelo, u-Krouskop et al.53 ibike isilinganiso somdlavuza kuya ku-modulus evamile engaba ngu-4 yezicubu ze-prostate, kuyilapho leli nani lenyuka laya ku-20 kumasampula ezicubu zesifuba.Lobu budlelwano bushintsha ngokungenakugwenywa ukubambezeleka kwe-acoustic kwezicubu, njengoba kuboniswa nokuhlaziywa kwe-elastography54,55,56, futhi kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokuqina kwezicubu zendawo okubangelwa ukwanda kwe-tumor hyperproliferation.Lo mehluko ubuye wabonwa ngokuhlolwa ngokuhlolwa kokucindezelwa okulula kwamabhulokhi wamathumba ebele akhule ezigabeni ezihlukene32, futhi ukulungiswa kabusha kwezinto kungalandelwa kahle ngamamodeli ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo eziqagelayo zamathumba angakhuli ngomugqa43,44.Idatha yokuqina etholiwe ihlobene ngokuqondile nokuvela kwe-Young's modulus yamathumba aqinile ngokuya ngefomula \(E_{T} = S\left( {1 – \nu ^{2} } \kwesokudla)/a\sqrt \ varepsilon\ )( ama-sphere ane-radius \(a\), ukuqina \(S\) kanye nesilinganiso sika-Poisson \(\nu\) phakathi kwamapuleti amabili aqinile 57, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1).Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthola izilinganiso ze-acoustic impedance yesimila kanye nomsingathi emazingeni ahlukene okukhula.Ikakhulukazi, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-modulus yesicubu esivamile esilingana no-2 kPa ku-Fig. 1, i-elastic modulus yamathumba esifuba ebangeni levolumu engaba ngu-500 kuya ku-1250 mm3 ibangele ukwanda ukusuka cishe ku-10 kPa kuya ku-16 kPa, okuyi-kPa. ihambisana nedatha ebikiwe.kumareferensi angu-58, 59 kwatholakala ukuthi ingcindezi kumasampula ezicubu zesifuba ingu-0.25–4 kPa ngokucindezelwa kwangaphambili okunyamalalayo.Futhi cabanga ukuthi isilinganiso se-Poisson sezicubu ezicishe zingenakucindezelwa zingama-41.60, okusho ukuthi ukuminyana kwezicubu akushintshi kakhulu njengoba ivolumu ikhula.Ikakhulukazi, isilinganiso sokuminyana kwabantu abaningi \(\rho = 945\,{\text{kg}}\,{\text{m}}^{ – 3}\)61 sisetshenziswa.Ngalokhu kucatshangelwa, ukuqina kungathatha imodi yangemuva kusetshenziswa lesi sisho esilandelayo:
Lapho okungaguquki okungaziwa \(\widehat{{{{\varvec{\upxi))))_{n} = \{\delta_{n} ,\upsilon_{n} \}\) kungabalwa kucatshangelwa ukuqhubeka ukuchema ( 7 )2,4, okungukuthi, ngokuxazulula uhlelo lwe-algebraic \(\widehat{{\mathbb{D}}}_{n} (a) \cdot \widehat{({\varvec{\upxi}}} } } _{n } = \widehat{{\mathbf{q}}}_{n} (a)\) ebandakanya izingane\(\widehat{{\mathbb{D}}}_{n} (a) = \ {{\ mathbb{D}}_{n} (a)\}_{{\{ (1,3),(1,3)\} }}\) kanye nevektha yekholomu eyenziwe lula ehambisanayo\(\widehat {\mathbf {q}}}_{n} (а)\) Ihlinzeka ngolwazi oluyisisekelo ngezibalo (11), ama-amplitude amabili omsebenzi wemodi yokusatshalaliswa kwe-backscattering \(\left| {f_{n}^{{ \kwesokunxele( {res} \kwesokudla)\,pp}} \kwesokunxele( \theta \kwesokudla)} \kwesokudla| = \kwesokunxele|{f_{n}^{pp} \left( \theta \kwesokudla) - f_{ n}^{pp(b)} \kwesokunxele( \theta \kwesokudla)} \kwesokudla|\) kanye \( \kwesokunxele|{f_{n}^{{\kwesokunxele( {res} \kwesokudla)\,ps} } \kwesokunxele( \theta \kwesokudla)} \kwesokudla|= \kwesokunxele|{f_{n}^{ps} \kwesokunxele( \theta \kwesokudla) - f_{n}^{ps(b)} \kwesokunxele( \ i-theta \kwesokudla)} \kwesokudla|\) ibhekisela ekusaseni kwe-P-wave kanye nokuboniswa kwegagasi le-P- ne-S, ngokulandelanayo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-amplitude yokuqala yalinganiselwa njengokuthi \(\theta = \pi\), kanti i-amplitude yesibili yalinganiselwa njenge \(\theta = \pi/4\).Ngokulayisha izici zokuqamba ezahlukahlukene.Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa ukuthi izici ezizwakalayo ze-tumor spheroids ezifika cishe ku-15 mm ububanzi zigxile kakhulu kubhande lokuvama lika-50-400 kHz, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-ultrasound ye-low-frequency ultrasound ukuze kuvuswe ukuvungama kwesimila esizwakalayo.amaseli.Okuningi kwe.Kuleli bhendi yefrikhwensi, ukuhlaziywa kwe-RST kwembule amafomu emodi eyodwa kumamodi 1 kuya ku-6, aqokonyiswe kuMfanekiso 3. Lapha, womabili amagagasi ahlakazekile we-pp- kanye ne-ps abonisa amafomu ohlobo lokuqala, okwenzeka kumafrikhwensi aphansi kakhulu, akhuphuka ukusuka cishe u-20 kHz kumodi 1 kuya cishe ku-60 kHz ku-n = 6, akubonisi umehluko obalulekile ku-sphere radius.Umsebenzi we-resonant ps ube usubola, kuyilapho inhlanganisela yamafomethi amakhulu e-amplitude pp inikeza isikhathi esingaba ngu-60 kHz, okubonisa ukushintsha kwefrikhwensi ephezulu nenombolo yemodi ekhulayo.Konke ukuhlaziya kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yekhompyutha ye-Mathematica®62.
Imisebenzi yefomu ye-backscatter etholwe kumojula yezimila zamabele ezinosayizi abahlukene iboniswa ku-Fig. 1, lapho amabhendi ahlakazekayo aphakeme kakhulu agqanyiswa kucatshangelwa imodi ye-akhawunti ephezulu.
Ama-resonance amamodi akhethiwe ukusuka ku-\(n = 1\) ukuya ku-\(n = 6\), abalwe phezu kwesasasa kanye nokuboniswa kwegagasi le-P kumasayizi ahlukahlukene wesimila (amajika amnyama ukusuka ku-\(\left | {f_{ n} ^ {{\ left({res} \right)\,pp}} \left( \pi \kwesokudla)} \left| {f_{n}^{pp} \left ( \pi \ kwesokudla) -. f_{n }^{pp(b)} \kwesokunxele( \pi \kwesokudla)} \kwesokudla|\)) kanye nesasasa le-P-wave kanye nokuboniswa kwegagasi le-S (amajika ampunga anikezwe umsebenzi womumo we-modal \( \kwesokunxele | { f_{n }^{{\left({res} \kwesokudla)\,ps}} \left( {\pi /4} \kwesokudla)} \kwesokudla = \left|. \kwesokunxele( {\pi /4} \kwesokudla) – f_{n}^{ps(b)} \kwesokunxele( {\pi /4} \kwesokudla)} \kwesokudla |\)).
Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlaziya kokuqala kusetshenziswa izimo zokusakaza zenkundla ekude ingaqondisa ukukhethwa kwamafrikhwensi okushayela okuqondene nokushayela ezifanisweni zezinombolo ezilandelayo ukuze kufundwe umthelela wokucindezelwa kwe-microvibration kusisindo.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ukulinganiswa kwamafrikhwensi afanele kungase kucaciswe esiteji ngesikhathi sokukhula kwesimila futhi kunganqunywa kusetshenziswa imiphumela yamamodeli okukhula ukuze kusungulwe amasu e-biomechanical asetshenziswa ekwelapheni kwezifo ukuze abikezele ngokunembile ukulungiswa kabusha kwezicubu.
Intuthuko enkulu ku-nanotechnology ishayela umphakathi wesayensi ukuthi uthole izixazululo ezintsha nezindlela zokuthuthukisa amadivaysi ezokwelapha asetshenziswa kancane futhi ahlasela kancane ukuze asetshenziswe ku-vivo.Kulo mongo, ubuchwepheshe be-LOF bubonise ikhono elimangalisayo lokukhulisa amandla emicu yokubona, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi amasha angena kancane kancane we-fiber optic yezinhlelo zokusebenza zesayensi yempilo21, 63, 64, 65. Umqondo wokuhlanganisa izinto ze-2D ne-3D ngezici ezifiselekayo zamakhemikhali, zezinto eziphilayo, nezamehlo ezinhlangothini ezingu-25 kanye/noma eziphethe izintambo ezingu-64 ezinokulawula okugcwele kwendawo ku-nanoscale kuholela ekuveleni kwesigaba esisha se-fiber optic nanooptodes.inemisebenzi eminingi yokuxilonga neyokwelapha.Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo zejometri kanye nemishini (isigaba esincane esiphambanweni, isilinganiso esikhulu sesici, ukuguquguquka, isisindo esincane) kanye ne-biocompatibility yezinto (ngokuvamile ingilazi noma ama-polymers), ama-optical fibers afaneleka kahle ukufakwa ezinaliti nama-catheter.Izicelo zezokwelapha20, ukuvulela indlela yombono omusha “wesibhedlela senaliti” (bheka uMdwebo 4).
Eqinisweni, ngenxa yamadigri enkululeko anikezwa ubuchwepheshe be-LOF, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kwama-micro- kanye nama-nanostructures enziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene zensimbi kanye/noma ze-dielectric, ama-optical fibers angakwazi ukusebenza kahle ezinsizeni ezithile ezivame ukusekela ukuvuswa kwemodi ye-resonant., Inkambu yokukhanya 21 ibekwe ngokuqinile.Ukuphathwa kokukhanya esikalini se-subwavelength, ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswa namakhemikhali kanye/noma ukucutshungulwa kwezinto eziphilayo63 kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezibucayi njengama-polymers ahlakaniphile65,66 kungathuthukisa ukulawula ukusebenzisana kokukhanya nodaba, okungaba usizo ngezinjongo ze-theranostic.Ukukhethwa kohlobo nosayizi wezingxenye/izinto ezihlanganisiwe ngokusobala kuncike kumapharamitha angokomzimba, ebhayoloji noma amakhemikhali azotholwa21,63.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-LOF probes kuzinaliti zezokwelapha eziqondiswe kumasayithi athile emzimbeni kuzovumela uketshezi lwasendaweni kanye nama-biopsies ezicubu ku-vivo, okuvumela ukwelashwa kwendawo ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi kanye nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle.Amathuba angaba khona ahlanganisa ukutholwa kwama-biomolecule ahlukahlukene ajikelezayo, okuhlanganisa nomdlavuza.ama-biomarker noma ama-microRNAs (miRNAs)67, ukuhlonzwa kwezicubu ezinomdlavuza kusetshenziswa i-spectroscopy eqondile nengaqondile njenge-Raman spectroscopy (SERS)31, i-high-resolution photoacoustic imaging22,28,68, ukuhlinzwa nge-laser nokukhipha69, nezidakamizwa zokulethwa kwendawo kusetshenziswa i-light27 kanye ukuqondisa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinaliti emzimbeni womuntu20.Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemicu ye-optical kugwema ukungalungi okuvamile kwezindlela "ze-classical" ezisekelwe ezingxenyeni ze-elekthronikhi, njengesidingo sokuxhunywa kukagesi kanye nokuba khona kokuphazanyiswa kwe-electromagnetic, lokhu kuvumela izinzwa ezihlukahlukene ze-LOF ukuthi zihlanganiswe ngokuphumelelayo uhlelo.inaliti eyodwa yezokwelapha.Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ekwehliseni imiphumela elimazayo njengokungcola, ukuphazamiseka kokubona, izithiyo zomzimba ezidala imiphumela ye-crosstalk phakathi kwemisebenzi eyahlukene.Nokho, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi eshiwo akudingekile ukuthi isebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa.Lesi sici senza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi okungenani kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umthelela omubi ekusebenzeni kophenyo ngalunye kanye nokunemba kwenqubo.Lokhu kucatshangelwa kusivumela ukuthi sibheke umqondo "wenaliti esibhedlela" njengombono olula wokubeka isisekelo esiqinile sesizukulwane esilandelayo sezinaliti zokwelapha ezifundweni zokuphila.
Ngokuphathelene nesicelo esithile okuxoxwe ngaso kuleli phepha, esigabeni esilandelayo sizophenya ngenani ikhono lenaliti yezokwelapha ukuqondisa amagagasi e-ultrasonic ezicutshini zomuntu kusetshenziswa ukusakazeka kwawo eduze kwe-eksisi yayo.
Ukusabalala kwamagagasi asebenza nge-ultrasonic ngenaliti yezokwelapha egcwele amanzi futhi yafakwa ezicutshini ezithambile (bheka umdwebo ku-Fig. 5a) kwamodela kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yezohwebo ye-Comsol Multiphysics esekelwe endleleni yesici esinqunyiwe (FEM)70, lapho inaliti nezicubu zimodela khona. njengoba linear nokunwebeka imvelo.
Ngokubhekiselwa kuMfanekiso 5b, inaliti imodelwa njengesilinda esingenalutho (esaziwa nangokuthi “i-cannula”) eyenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, into evamile yezinaliti zezokwelapha71.Ikakhulukazi, imodelwe nge-Young's modulus E = 205 GPa, isilinganiso sika-Poisson ν = 0.28, kanye nokuminyana ρ = 7850 kg m −372.73.Ngokwejometri, inaliti ibonakala ngobude L, ububanzi bangaphakathi D (okubizwa nangokuthi "i-clearance") kanye nobukhulu bodonga t.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ichopho lenaliti libhekwa njengelithambekele ku-engeli α ngokuphathelene nesiqondiso se-longitudinal (z).Umthamo wamanzi ngokuyisisekelo uhambisana nokuma kwendawo yangaphakathi yenaliti.Kulokhu kuhlaziywa kokuqala, inaliti yayicatshangwa ukuthi icwiliswe ngokuphelele endaweni yezicubu (okucatshangwa ukuthi yanda ngokungapheli), ifanekiselwa njenge-sphere ye-radius rs, ehlala ihlala njalo ku-85 mm phakathi kwazo zonke izifaniso.Ngokuningiliziwe, siqeda isifunda esiyindilinga ngelendlalelo efaniswe ngokuphelele (i-PML), okungenani enciphisa amagagasi angafuneki avela emingceleni "ecatshangelwayo".Sibe sesikhetha irediyasi rs ukuze sibeke umngcele wesizinda esiyindilinga kude ngokwanele kunalithi ukuze ungaphazamisi isisombululo sokubala, futhi ube mncane ngokwanele ukuthi ungaphazamisi izindleko zokubala zokulingisa.
I-harmonic longitudinal shift of frequency f kanye ne-amplitude A isetshenziswa emngceleni ophansi we-stylus geometry;lesi simo simelela isikhuthazo sokufaka esisetshenziswa kujometri elifanisiwe.Emingceleni esele yenaliti (ekuthintaneni nezicubu namanzi), imodeli eyamukelekile ibhekwa njengehlanganisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimo ezimbili ezingokomzimba, enye yazo ehlobene nemishini yesakhiwo (yendawo yenaliti), kanye omunye kumakhenikha wesakhiwo.(yesifunda esiyi-acicular), ngakho-ke izimo ezihambisanayo zibekwe kuma-acoustics (amanzi kanye nesifunda esiyi-acicular)74.Ikakhulukazi, ukundindizela okuncane okufakwe esihlalweni senaliti kubangela ukuphazamiseka okuncane kwamandla kagesi;ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi inaliti iziphatha njenge-elastic medium, i-vector ye-displacement U ingalinganiselwa kusukela ku-elastodynamic equilibrium equation (Navier)75.I-oscillations yesakhiwo yenaliti idala izinguquko kumfutho wamanzi ngaphakathi kwayo (okubhekwa njengokumile kumodeli wethu), ngenxa yalokho amagagasi omsindo asakazeka ohlangothini lwenaliti, ngokuyisisekelo ethobela i-equation ye-Helmholtz76.Okokugcina, sicabanga ukuthi imiphumela engavamile kumathishu ayinaki futhi i-amplitude yamagagasi e-shear incane kakhulu kune-amplitude yamagagasi okucindezela, i-equation ye-Helmholtz ingasetshenziswa futhi ukufanisa ukusabalalisa kwamagagasi e-acoustic ezicutshini ezithambile.Ngemuva kwalokhu kulinganisa, izicubu zibhekwa njenge-liquid77 enesisindo esingu-1000 kg/m3 kanye nesivinini somsindo we-1540 m/s (inganaki imiphumela yokuncibilika okuncike emazingeni).Ukuze uxhume lezi zinkambu zomzimba ezimbili, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokunyakaza okuvamile emngceleni we-solid and liquid, ukulingana okumile phakathi kwengcindezi nokucindezeleka okuhambisana nomngcele wokuqinile, kanye nengcindezi e-tangential emngceleni we-solid. uketshezi kufanele lulingane noziro.75 .
Ekuhlaziyeni kwethu, siphenya ukusabalala kwamagagasi e-acoustic ngenaliti ngaphansi kwezimo ezimile, sigxile ethonyeni lejometri yenaliti ekuphumeni kwamagagasi ngaphakathi kwezicubu.Ikakhulukazi, siphenye umthelela wedayamitha yangaphakathi yenaliti D, ubude L kanye ne-engeli ye-bevel α, sigcina ukujiya kuka-t kumile ku-500 µm kuzo zonke izimo ezifundwayo.Leli nani lika-t liseduze nobukhulu obujwayelekile bodonga obungu-71 bezinaliti zokuhweba.
Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okujwayelekile, imvamisa f ye-harmonic displacement esetshenziswa esisekelweni senaliti ithathwe ilingana ne-100 kHz, futhi i-amplitude A yayingu-1 μm.Ikakhulukazi, i-frequency isethelwe ku-100 kHz, ehambisana nezilinganiso zokuhlaziya ezinikezwe esigabeni "Ukuhlaziywa okuhlakazekayo kwenqwaba yesimila esiyindilinga ukuze kulinganiswe amafrequency e-ultrasound ancike ekukhuleni", lapho ukuziphatha okufana nokuzwakala kwenqwaba yesimila kutholwe khona. ububanzi bemvamisa ye-50-400 kHz, ene-amplitude yokusabalalisa enkulu kunazo zonke egxile kuma-frequencies aphansi azungeze i-100-200 kHz (bheka i-Fig. 2).
Ipharamitha yokuqala eyafundwa kwakuyi-diameter yangaphakathi D yenaliti.Ukuze kube lula, kuchazwa njengengxenye ephelele yobude begagasi le-acoustic emgodini wenaliti (okungukuthi, emanzini λW = 1.5 mm).Ngempela, izenzakalo zokusakazeka kwamagagasi kumadivayisi ane-geometry enikeziwe (isibonelo, ku-waveguide) ngokuvamile kuncike kusayizi wesici sejiyomethri esetshenziswa uma kuqhathaniswa nobude begagasi begagasi elisakazayo.Ukwengeza, ekuhlaziyeni kokuqala, ukuze kugcizelelwe kangcono umphumela we-diameter D ekusakazweni kwegagasi le-acoustic ngenaliti, sicabangele ithiphu eliyisicaba, sibeka i-engeli α = 90 °.Phakathi nalokhu kuhlaziywa, ubude benaliti L bubekwe ku-70 mm.
Emkhiwaneni.I-6a ibonisa ukushuba komsindo okumaphakathi njengomsebenzi wepharamitha yesikali esingena-dimensionless SD, okungukuthi D = λW/SD ehlaziywe kwindilinga enerediyasi engu-10 mm emaphakathi nethiphu yenaliti elihambisanayo.Ipharamitha yokukala i-SD iyashintsha isuka koku-2 iye ku-6, okungukuthi sicabangela amanani ka-D ukusuka ku-7.5 mm kuya ku-2.5 mm (ku-f = 100 kHz).Ububanzi buhlanganisa nenani elijwayelekile elingu-71 lezinaliti zezokwelapha zensimbi engagqwali.Njengoba kulindelekile, ububanzi bangaphakathi benaliti buthinta ukushuba komsindo okhishwa inaliti, ngenani eliphakeme (1030 W/m2) elihambisana no-D = λW/3 (okungukuthi D = 5 mm) kanye nethrendi enciphayo nokunciphayo. ububanzi.Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi i-diameter D iyipharamitha yejometri ephinda ithinte ukuhlasela kwedivayisi yezokwelapha, ngakho lesi sici esibucayi asikwazi ukushaywa indiva lapho kukhethwa inani eliphelele.Ngakho-ke, nakuba ukwehla ku-D kwenzeka ngenxa yokudluliswa okuphansi kokuqina kwe-acoustic ezicutshini, ezifundweni ezilandelayo, ububanzi D = λW/5, okungukuthi D = 3 mm (ihambisana nezinga le-11G71 ku-f = 100 kHz) , kuthathwa njengokuyekethisa okunengqondo phakathi kokugxambukela kwedivayisi nokudluliswa komsindo omkhulu (isilinganiso esingaba ngu-450 W/m2).
Ubukhulu obumaphakathi bomsindo okhishwa ichopho yenaliti (kubhekwa njengesicaba), kuye ngobubanzi bangaphakathi benaliti (a), ubude (b) kanye ne-engeli ye-bevel α (c).Ubude ku-(a, c) bungama-90 mm, kanti ububanzi ku-(b, c) bungu-3 mm.
Ipharamitha elandelayo okufanele ihlaziywe ubude benaliti L. Njengocwaningo lwecala langaphambilini, sicabangela i-engeli etshekile α = 90° futhi ubude bulinganiswa njengokuphindaphinda kobude begagasi emanzini, okungukuthi cabanga ngo-L = SL λW. .Ipharamitha ye-SL yesikali esingenasici iyashintshwa isuka ku-3 ngo-7, ngaleyo ndlela ilinganisela ukushuba okumaphakathi komsindo okhishwa ichopho lonaliti ebangeni lobude ukusuka ku-4.5 ukuya ku-10.5 mm.Lobu bubanzi buhlanganisa amanani ajwayelekile ezinaliti zentengiso.Imiphumela ikhonjiswe ku-fig.6b, okubonisa ukuthi ubude benaliti, L, bunomthelela omkhulu ekudlulisweni kokuqina komsindo ezicutshini.Ngokucacile, ukulungiselelwa kahle kwale pharamitha kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa ukudluliswa kwezingcingo mayelana ne-oda lobukhulu.Eqinisweni, ebangeni lobude obuhlaziywe, ukushuba komsindo okumaphakathi kuthatha umkhawulo wendawo ongu-3116 W/m2 ku-SL = 4 (okungukuthi, L = 60 mm), kanti enye ihambisana ne-SL = 6 (okungukuthi, L = 90 mm).
Ngemva kokuhlaziya ithonya lobubanzi nobude benaliti ekusakazweni kwe-ultrasound ku-cylindrical geometry, sigxile ethonyeni le-engeli ye-bevel ekudlulisweni kokuqina komsindo ezicutshini.Ubukhulu obumaphakathi bomsindo ophuma kuthiphu yefayibha buhlolwe njengomsebenzi we-engeli α, kushintsha inani layo ukusuka ku-10° (ithiphu elibukhali) ukuya ku-90° (ithiphu eyisicaba).Kulokhu, i-radius ye-sphere ehlanganisayo ezungeze ithiphu yenaliti ecatshangelwayo yayingama-20 mm, ukuze kuwo wonke amanani ka-α, ichopho lonaliti lifakwe kuvolumu ebalwa kusukela kusilinganiso.
Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni.I-6c, lapho ithiphu ibukhali, okungukuthi, lapho u-α ehla kusukela ku-90 °, ukushuba komsindo odluliswayo kuyanda, kufinyelele inani eliphakeme elingaba ngu-1.5 × 105 W/m2, elihambisana no-α = 50 °, okungukuthi, 2 i-oda lobukhulu obuphakeme ngokuhlobene nesimo esiyisicaba.Ngokuqhubeka nokulola ithiphu (okungukuthi, ku-α ngaphansi kuka-50°), amandla omsindo avame ukwehla, afinyelele amanani aqhathaniswa nethiphu eyisicaba.Kodwa-ke, nakuba sicabangele izinhlobonhlobo zama-engeli e-bevel ekulingiseni kwethu, kufanelekile ukucabangela ukuthi ukulola ithiphu kuyadingeka ukuze kube lula ukufakwa kwenaliti esicutshini.Eqinisweni, i-engeli ye-bevel encane (cishe u-10°) inganciphisa amandla angu-78 adingekayo ukuze kungene izicubu.
Ngaphezu kwevelu yokuqina komsindo odluliswa ngaphakathi kwethishu, i-engeli ye-bevel iphinde ithinte isiqondiso sokusakazeka kwamagagasi, njengoba kuboniswe kumagrafu wezinga lokucindezela komsindo aboniswe ku-Fig. 7a (yethiphu eyisicaba) kanye no-3b (ku-10° ).ithiphu e-beveled), ukuhambisana Ukuqondiswa kwe-longitudinal kuyahlolwa endizeni yokulinganisa (yz, cf. Fig. 5).Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zalokhu kucatshangelwa okubili, izinga lokucindezela komsindo (okubizwa ngokuthi 1 µPa) ligxiliswe kakhulu phakathi kwekhala lenaliti (okungukuthi emanzini) futhi likhiphele esicutshini.Ngokuningiliziwe, endabeni yephuzu eliyisicaba (Fig. 7a), ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokucindezela komsindo kuhambisana ngokuphelele maqondana nesiqondiso se-longitudinal, futhi amagagasi amile angahlukaniswa emanzini agcwalisa umzimba.Igagasi liqondiswe ngobude (z-axis), i-amplitude ifinyelela inani layo eliphezulu emanzini (cishe 240 dB) futhi iyancipha ngokuphambene, okuholela ekuncipheni okungaba ngu-20 dB ebangeni elingu-10 mm ukusuka enkabeni yenaliti.Njengoba kulindelekile, ukwethulwa kwephuzu elicijile (Fig. 7b) kuphula le symmetry, futhi ama-antinode amagagasi amile "aphambuke" ngokusho kwephuzu yenaliti.Ngokusobala, le-asymmetry ithinta ukushuba kwemisebe yethiphu yenaliti, njengoba kuchazwe ngaphambili (Fig. 6c).Ukuze uqonde kangcono lesi sici, ukuqina kwe-acoustic kwahlolwa ngomugqa osikiwe we-orthogonal kuya ohlangothini lwenaliti longitudinal, eyayitholakala endizeni yokulinganisa yenaliti futhi itholakala ebangeni elingu-10 mm ukusuka ekugcineni yenaliti ( imiphumela kuMfanekiso 7c).Ngokucacile, ukushuba komsindo kokusabalalisa okuhlolwe kuma-engeli atshekile angu-10°, 20° kanye no-30° (imigqa eqinile eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ebomvu neluhlaza okotshani, ngokulandelanayo) kwaqhathaniswa nokusabalalisa eduze nesiphetho esiyisicaba (amajika anamachashazi amnyama).Ukusatshalaliswa kokuqina okuhlotshaniswa nezinaliti ezinetiphozi eyisicaba kubonakala kufana maphakathi nenaliti.Ikakhulukazi, kuthatha inani elingaba ngu-1420 W/m2 enkabeni, ukuchichima okungaba ngu-300 W/m2 ebangeni elingu-~8 mm, bese lehla libe yinani elingaba ngu-170 W/m2 ku-~30 mm. .Njengoba ithiphu ikhomba, i-lobe emaphakathi ihlukana ibe ama-lobe amaningi anamandla ahlukahlukene.Ngokuqondile, lapho u-α engu-30 °, amacembe amathathu ayengahlukaniswa ngokucacile kuphrofayela elinganiswa ngo-1 mm kusukela ekugcineni yenaliti.Ephakathi icishe ibe maphakathi nenaliti futhi inenani elilinganiselwe le-1850 W / m2, futhi ephakeme kwesokudla icishe ibe ngu-19 mm ukusuka enkabeni futhi ifinyelela ku-2625 W / m2.Ku-α = 20 °, kunama-lobe ayinhloko angu-2: eyodwa ku- -12 mm ku-1785 W/m2 neyodwa ku-14 mm ku-1524 W/m2.Lapho ichopho liba bukhali futhi i-engeli ifinyelela ku-10 °, ubuningi obungu-817 W/m2 bufinyelelwa cishe ku--20 mm, kanti amanye ama-lobe amathathu anomfutho omncane kancane ayabonakala eduze kwephrofayili.
Izinga lokucindezela komsindo endizeni ye-symmetry y–z yenaliti enendawo eyisicaba (a) kanye ne-bevel engu-10° (b).(c) Ukusatshalaliswa kokuqina kwe-acoustic kulinganiselwa kumugqa osikiwe oqonde ohlangothini lobude lwenaliti, ebangeni elingu-10 mm ukusuka ekugcineni yenaliti futhi ilele endizeni yokulinganisa yz.Ubude L bungama-70 mm kanye nobubanzi D bungu-3 mm.
Ihlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​le miphumela ibonisa ukuthi izinaliti zezokwelapha zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukudlulisa i-ultrasound ku-100 kHz ibe yizicubu ezithambile.Ukuqina komsindo okhishiwe kuncike kujometri yenaliti futhi kungenziwa kahle (ngokuya ngemikhawulo ebekwe ukuhlasela kwedivayisi yokugcina) kuze kufike kumanani ebangeni le-1000 W/m2 (ku-10 mm).ifakwe ngaphansi kwenaliti 1. Endabeni ye-offset ye-micrometer, inaliti ibhekwa njengefakwe ngokugcwele emgqeni othambile onwebeka ngokungenamkhawulo.Ikakhulukazi, i-engeli ye-bevel ithinta kakhulu ukuqina kanye nesiqondiso sokusakazeka kwamagagasi omsindo esicutshini, okuholela ngokuyinhloko ku-orthogonality yokusikwa kwephuzu yenaliti.
Ukuze kusekelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu amasha okwelapha isimila ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezindlela zokwelapha ezingahlaseli, ukusakazeka kwe-ultrasound ye-low-frequency endaweni ye-tumor kwahlaziywa ngokuhlaziywa nangezibalo.Ikakhulukazi, engxenyeni yokuqala yocwaningo, isixazululo sesikhashana se-elastodynamic sasivumela ukuba sifunde ukuhlakazeka kwamagagasi e-ultrasonic kuma-spheroid e-tumor aqinile osayizi owaziwayo nokuqina ukuze sifunde ukuzwela kwemvamisa yenqwaba.Khona-ke, amaza ohlelo lwamakhulu ekhilohertz akhethwa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwasendaweni kokucindezeleka kokudlidliza endaweni yesimila kusetshenziswa inaliti yenaliti yezokwelapha kwalingiswa ngokulinganisa izinombolo ngokutadisha ithonya lamapharamitha wokuklama ayinhloko anquma ukudluliswa kwe-acoustic. amandla wethuluzi endaweni.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi izinaliti zezokwelapha zingasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ukukhanyisa izicubu nge-ultrasound, futhi ukuqina kwayo kuhlobene eduze nepharamitha yejometri yenaliti, ebizwa ngokuthi i-acoustic wavelength yokusebenza.Eqinisweni, amandla okukhipha imisebe ngezicubu ayanda ngokukhula kobubanzi bangaphakathi benaliti, afinyelele umkhawulo lapho ububanzi buphindwe kathathu kunobude begagasi.Ubude benaliti buhlinzeka ngezinga elithile lenkululeko yokuthuthukisa ukuchayeka.Umphumela wakamuva ukhuliswa ngempela lapho ubude benaliti busethelwe ekuphindaphindeni okuthile kobude begagasi obusebenzayo (ikakhulukazi 4 kanye no-6).Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kububanzi bemvamisa yentshisekelo, amanani alungiselelwe ububanzi nobude asondele kulawo ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa izinaliti ezijwayelekile zokuthengisa.I-engeli ye-bevel, enquma ubukhali benaliti, iphinda ithinte ukukhishwa kwegesi, ukuphakama cishe ku-50 ° futhi inikeze ukusebenza okuhle cishe ku-10 °, okuvame ukusetshenziselwa izinaliti zentengiso..Imiphumela yokulingisa izosetshenziswa ukuze iqondise ukuqaliswa kanye nokwenza kahle kwesikhulumi sokuxilonga i-intraneedle yesibhedlela, ukuhlanganisa i-ultrasound yokuxilonga neyokwelapha nezinye izixazululo zokwelapha ezingaphakathi kudivayisi kanye nokubona ukungenelela kwemithi yokunemba ngokubambisana.
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