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Izilayidi ezibonisa izindatshana ezintathu zesilayidi ngasinye.Sebenzisa izinkinobho ezingemuva nezilandelayo ukuhamba phakathi kwamaslayidi, noma izinkinobho zokulawula ama-slide ekugcineni ukuze uhambe kuslayidi ngasinye.
Kusanda kuboniswa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultrasound kungathuthukisa isivuno sezicubu ku-ultrasound-enhanced finele aspiration biopsy (USeFNAB) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-finenal finele aspiration biopsy (FNAB).Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-bevel geometry nesenzo sethiphu yenaliti abukaphenywa.Kulolu cwaningo, siphenye izici zokuzwakala kwenaliti kanye nokuchezuka kwe-amplitude yezinaliti ze-bevel geometries ezinobude obuhlukile be-bevel.Isebenzisa i-lancet evamile enokusikwa okungu-3.9 mm, i-tip deflection power factor (DPR) yayingu-220 no-105 µm/W emoyeni nasemanzini, ngokulandelanayo.Lokhu kungaphezulu kunethiphu ye-axisymmetric 4mm bevel, ezuze i-DPR engu-180 no-80 µm/W emoyeni nasemanzini, ngokulandelanayo.Lolu cwaningo luqokomisa ukubaluleka kobudlelwane phakathi kokuqina kokugoba kwe-bevel geometry kumongo wezinsiza ezihlukene zokufaka, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kungase kunikeze ukuqonda ezindleleni zokulawula isenzo sokusika ngemva kokubhoboza ngokushintsha inaliti ye-bevel geometry, ebalulekile ku-USeFNAB.Isicelo sibalulekile.
I-fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) yindlela lapho inaliti isetshenziswa khona ukuze kutholwe isampula lesicubu lapho kusolakala ukuthi kukhona okungavamile1,2,3.Amathiphu ohlobo lwe-Franseen akhonjiswe ukuthi ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphakeme kokuxilonga kunamathiphu endabuko e-Lancet4 ne-Menghini5.Ama-axisymmetric (okungukuthi ayisiyingi) nawo aye ahlongozwa ukuze kwandiswe amathuba esifanekiso esanele se-histopathology6.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-biopsy, inaliti idluliselwa ezingqimbeni zesikhumba nezicubu ukuze kuvele isifo esisolisayo.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-ultrasonic kunganciphisa amandla okubhoboza adingekayo ukuze kufinyelele izicubu ezithambile7,8,9,10.I-needle bevel geometry iboniswe ukuthi ithinta amandla okusebenzisana kwezinaliti, isb ama-bevel amade aboniswe ukuthi anamandla aphansi okungena kwezicubu 11.Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi ngemva kokuba inaliti ingene ebusweni bezicubu, okungukuthi ngemva kokubhoboza, amandla okusika yenaliti angase abe ngu-75% wenani eliphelele le-needle-tissue interaction force12.I-Ultrasound (US) ikhonjiswe ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-biopsy yezicubu ezithambile zokuxilonga ku-post-puncture phase13.Ezinye izindlela zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-bone biopsy zenzelwe isampula yezicubu eziqinile14,15 kodwa akukho miphumela ebikiwe ethuthukisa ikhwalithi ye-biopsy.Ucwaningo oluningana luphinde lwathola ukuthi ukufuduka kwemishini kukhuphuka ngokukhuphuka kwe-ultrasound drive voltage16,17,18.Nakuba kunezifundo eziningi zamandla e-axial (longitudinal) static ekusebenzelaneni kwezicubu senaliti19,20, izifundo mayelana ne-dynamics yesikhashana kanye ne-needle bevel geometry ku-FNAB ethuthukisiwe ye-ultrasonic (USeFNAB) ilinganiselwe.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuphenya umthelela wamajiyometri e-bevel ahlukene esenzweni sethiphu yenaliti eqhutshwa ukuguquguquka kwenaliti kumafrikhwensi e-ultrasonic.Ikakhulukazi, siphenye umphumela womjovo wokuphambuka kwethiphu yenaliti ngemva kokubhoboza ama-bevel yenaliti evamile (isb, ama-lancets), i-axisymmetric kanye ne-asymmetric single bevel geometries (Fig. ukusiza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinaliti ze-USeFNAB ngezinhloso ezehlukene njengokumunca okukhethiwe ukufinyelela noma i-soft tissue nuclei.
Amajiyometri e-bevel ahlukahlukene afakiwe kulolu cwaningo.(a) Ama-Lancets ahambisana ne-ISO 7864:201636 lapho \(\alpha\) iyi-engeli ye-bevel eyinhloko, \(\theta\) i-engeli yesibili yokujikeleza kwe-bevel, futhi \(\phi\) i-engeli yesibili yokuzungezisa amadigri , ngamadigri (\(^\circ\)).(b) ama-chamfers wesinyathelo esisodwa asymmetrical (abizwa ngokuthi “okujwayelekile” ku-DIN 13097:201937) kanye (c) nama-axisymmetric alinganayo (circumferential) ama-single step chamfers.
Indlela yethu eyokuqala imodeli yoshintsho kubude begagasi obugobayo ngasemthambekeni we-lancet evamile, i-axisymmetric, kanye ne-asymmetric ye-slope yesiteji esisodwa sejiometri.Sibe sesibala ucwaningo lwe-parametric ukuze sihlole umphumela we-engeli ye-bevel nobude beshubhu ekuhambeni kwendlela yokuthutha.Lokhu kwenzelwa ukunquma ubude obufanele bokwenza inaliti ye-prototype.Ngokusekelwe ekulingiseni, ama-prototypes enaliti ayenziwa futhi ukuziphatha kwawo okuzwakalayo emoyeni, emanzini, kanye no-10% (w/v) i-gelatin ye-ballistic yabonakala ngokuhlolwa ngokukala i-coefficient ye-voltage reflection kanye nokubala ukusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwamandla, okuvela kuyo imvamisa yokusebenza. kunqunyiwe..Okokugcina, ukuthwebula izithombe ngesivinini esikhulu kusetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuqondile ukuchezuka kwegagasi eligobayo esihlokweni senaliti emoyeni nasemanzini, nokulinganisa amandla kagesi adluliswa ukutsheka ngakunye kanye nejiyomethri ye-deflection power factor (DPR) yokujovwa. okuphakathi.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2a, sebenzisa ipayipi elingu-No. 21 (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, 0.155 mm ukujiya kodonga lwamapayipi, udonga olujwayelekile njengoba kucaciswe ku-ISO 9626:201621) elenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali engu-316 ( Young's modulus 205).\(\umbhalo {GN/m}^{2}\), ukuminyana 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\), isilinganiso sika-Poisson 0.275).
Ukunqunywa kwe-wavelength egobayo nokulungisa imodeli yesici esilinganiselwe (FEM) senaliti nezimo zomngcele.(a) Ukunqunywa kobude be-bevel (BL) nobude bepayipi (TL).(b) Imodeli yesici esinqunyelwe esinezinhlangothi ezintathu (3D) (FEM) kusetshenziswa amandla ephoyinti e-harmonic \(\tilde{F}_y\vec{j}\) ukuze kujabulise inaliti ekugcineni kwe-proximal, ukuchezukisa iphuzu, nokulinganisa isivinini ithiphu ngayinye (\( \tilde{u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) ukubala ukuhamba kwezinto zokuhamba ngemishini.\(\lambda _y\) ichazwa njengobude beza obugobayo obuhlotshaniswa namandla aqondile \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Nquma indawo emaphakathi namandla adonsela phansi, indawo ephambanayo A, nezikhathi ze-inertia \(I_{xx}\) kanye \(I_{yy}\) eduze kwe-eksisi ka-x kanye ne-y-eksisi ngokulandelanayo.
Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni.2b,c, yenduku engapheli (engapheli) enendawo ephambanayo A kanye nobude begagasi obukhulu uma iqhathaniswa nosayizi wesigaba esiphambanayo sogodo, isivinini sesigaba sokugoba (noma ukugoba) \(c_{EI}\). ) kuchazwa ngokuthi 22:
lapho u-E eyi-modulus ka-Young (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) imvamisa ye-angular ejabulisayo (rad/s), lapho \( f_0 \ ) imvamisa yomugqa (1/s noma i-Hz), ngiyisikhathi se-inertia yendawo ezungeze i-eksisi yentshisekelo \((\text {m}^{4})\) kanye \(m'=\) rho _0 A \) yisisindo sobude beyunithi (kg/m), lapho \(\rho _0\) kungukuminyana \(\umbhalo {kg/m}^{3})\) kanye no-A eyisiphambano -indawo yesigaba se-beam (xy plane) (\ (\text {m}^{2}\)).Njengoba esimweni sethu amandla asetshenzisiwe ahambisana ne-eksisi ka-y eqondile, okungukuthi \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), sinentshisekelo kuphela kusikhathi sokungabi nandawo kwendawo ezungeze i-x- evundlile i-eksisi, okungukuthi \(I_{xx} \), yingakho:
Kumodeli yesici esilinganiselwe (i-FEM), ukufuduka okuhlanzekile kwe-harmonic (m) kuyacatshangelwa, ngakho ukusheshisa (\(\umbhalo {m/s}^{2}\)) uvezwa njengokuthi \(\partial ^2 \vec {u}/ \ ingxenye t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\), isb \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t) := u_x\vec {i} + u_y I-\vec {j }+ u_z\vec {k}\) iyi-vector yokususa enezinhlangothi ezintathu echazwe ezixhumanisini zendawo.Ukufaka esikhundleni sakamuva uhlobo lwe-Lagrangian olugogeka ngokuphela lomthetho webhalansi yomfutho23, ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwawo kuphakheji yesoftware ye-COMSOL Multiphysics (izinguqulo 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), kunikeza:
Lapho \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \okuyingxenye }{\ partial z}\vec {k}\) iyi- tensor divergence operator, futhi \({\ dwebela{\sigma}}\) iyi-stress tensor yesibili ye-Piola-Kirchhoff (i-oda lesibili, \(\ umbhalo { N /m}^{2}\)), kanye \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec { k} \) iyivekhtha yamandla omzimba (\(\umbhalo {N/m}^{3}\)) wevolumu ngayinye ekhubazekile, futhi \(e^{j\phi }\) yisigaba amandla omzimba, ane-engeli yesigaba \(\ phi\) (rad).Esimweni sethu, amandla omthamo womzimba awuziro, futhi imodeli yethu ithatha umugqa wejometri kanye nokukhubazeka okuncane okunwebekayo, okungukuthi \({\ dwebela{\varepsilon}}}^{el} = {\ dwebela{\varepsilon}}\ ), lapho \({\ dwebela{\varepsilon}}}^{el}\) kanye \({\ dwebela{ \varepsilon}}\) - ukuwohloka okunwebekayo kanye nokuguqulwa okuphelele (okungenasici kuhlelo lwesibili), ngokulandelana.I-Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \(\udwebela {\ dwebela {C))\) itholakala kusetshenziswa imodulus ka-Young E(\(\text{N/m}^{2}\)) kanye ne-Poisson's ratio v ichazwe, ukuze \ (\dwebela{\dwebela{C}}:=\dwebela{\dwebela{C}}(E,v)\) (uhlelo lwesine).Ngakho-ke ukubala kwengcindezi kuba \({\ dwebela{\sigma}} := \dwebela{\ dwebela{C}}:{\ dwebela{\varepsilon}}\).
Izibalo zenziwe ngezinto ezingu-10 ze-tetrahedral ezinosayizi we-elementi \(\le\) 8 µm.Inalithi imodelwe ku-vacuum, futhi inani lokudlulisa ukuhamba komshini (ms-1 H-1) lichazwa ngokuthi \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}) |/|\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, lapho \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) kuyisivinini esiyinkimbinkimbi esikhiphayo socezu lwesandla, kanye \( \tilde{ F} _y\vec {j }\) ingamandla okushayela ayinkimbinkimbi atholakala ekugcineni kweshubhu, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 2b.Ukuhamba komshini okudlulisayo kuvezwa ngama-decibel (dB) kusetshenziswa inani eliphakeme njengereferensi, okungukuthi \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}| )\ ), Zonke izifundo ze-FEM zenziwa ngemvamisa ye-29.75 kHz.
Ukwakhiwa kwenaliti (Fig. 3) kuqukethe inaliti ye-hypodermic ye-gauge evamile engu-21 (inombolo yekhathalogi: 4665643, Sterican\(^\circledR\), enobubanzi obungaphandle obuyi-0.8 mm, ubude obuyi-120 mm, eyenziwe nge-AISI. insimbi engagqwali ye-chromium-nickel 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) ubeke umkhono wepulasitiki we-Luer Lock owenziwe nge-polypropylene proximal enethiphu ehambisanayo nokuguqulwa.Ithubhu yenaliti ithengiswa ku-waveguide njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3b.I-waveguide yaphrintwa kuphrinta yensimbi engagqwali ye-3D (i-EOS Stainless Steel 316L kuphrinta ye-EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) yase inamathiselwa kunzwa ye-Langevin kusetshenziswa amabhawodi e-M4.I-transducer ye-Langevin iqukethe i-elementi yeringi ye-piezoelectric engu-8 enesisindo esibili ekugcineni ngakunye.
Izinhlobo ezine zamathiphu (osesithombeni), i-lancet etholakalayo kwezohwebo (L), kanye nama-axisymmetric single-stage bevels akhiqiziwe amathathu (AX1–3) ayephawulwa ngobude be-bevel (BL) obungu-4, 1.2, no-0.5 mm, ngokulandelana.(a) Ukuvala ithiphu yenaliti eliqediwe.(b) Ukubuka okuphezulu kwezikhonkwane ezine ezidayiselwe i-waveguide ephrintiwe ye-3D bese ixhunywa kunzwa ye-Langevin ngamabhawodi e-M4.
Amathiphu amathathu e-axisymmetric bevel (Fig. 3) (TAs Machine Tools Oy) enziwe ngobude be-bevel (BL, enqunywe ku-Fig. 2a) ka-4.0, 1.2 kanye no-0.5 mm, okuhambisana ne-\(\ approx\) 2\ (^\ circ\), 7\(^\circ\) kanye 18\(^\circ\).Izisindo ze-waveguide ne-stylus zingu-3.4 ± 0.017 g (okusho ± SD, n = 4) ku-bevel L kanye ne-AX1–3, ngokulandelanayo (Quintix\(^\circledR\) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany) .Ubude obuphelele ukusuka esihlokweni senaliti ukuya ekugcineni komkhono wepulasitiki ngu-13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 cm we-bevel L kanye ne-AX1-3 ku-Figure 3b, ngokulandelanayo.
Kukho konke ukulungiselelwa yenaliti, ubude ukusuka esihlokweni senaliti ukuya esihlokweni se-waveguide (okungukuthi, indawo yokunamathisela) ngu-4.3 cm, futhi ishubhu yenaliti liqondiswe ukuze i-bevel ibheke phezulu (okungukuthi, ngokuhambisana ne-axis Y. ).), njengaku (Fig. 2).
Umbhalo wangokwezifiso ku-MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) osebenza kukhompuyutha (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) wasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukushanela kwe-sinusoidal kusuka ku-25 kuya ku-35 kHz ngemizuzwana engu-7, iguqulelwe kusignali ye-analog ngesiguquli se-digital-to-analog (DA) (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA).Isignali ye-analog \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) yabe isikhuliswa ngesandisi-lizwi esizinikezele serediyo (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).I-voltage ekhuphukayo ewayo \({V_I}\) iphuma ku-RF amplifier ene-impedance ephumayo engu-50 \(\Omega\) iyiswa kusiguquli esakhelwe esakhiweni senaliti esine-impedance engu-50 \(\Omega)\) I-Langevin transducer (ama-transducer e-multilayer piezoelectric angaphambili nangemuva, alayishwe ngobuningi) asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaza omshini.I-amplifier ye-RF yangokwezifiso ifakwe imitha ye-dual-channel stand wave power factor (SWR) ekwazi ukubona isigameko \({V_I}\) kanye ne-amplified voltage \(V_R\) nge-analog-to-digital engu-300 kHz (AD ) isiguquli (I-Analog Discovery 2).Isiginali yenjabulo i-amplitude eshintshiwe ekuqaleni nasekupheleni ukuze kuvinjwe ukugcwala ngokweqile okokufaka kwe-amplifier ngezidlulayo.
Kusetshenziswa umbhalo wangokwezifiso osetshenziswe ku-MATLAB, umsebenzi wokuphendula imvamisa (AFC), okungukuthi kuthatha isistimu emile eqondile.Futhi, sebenzisa isihlungi sokudlula sebhendi engu-20 kuya ku-40 kHz ukuze ususe noma imaphi amaza angafuneki kusiginali.Uma kukhulunywa ngethiyori yomugqa wokudlulisa, \(\tilde{H}(f)\) kulesi simo ilingana ne-voltage reflection coefficient, okungukuthi \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I} \)26 .Njengoba i-impedance ephumayo ye-amplifier \(Z_0\) ihambisana nokuphazamiseka kokufaka kwesiguquli esakhelwe ngaphakathi sesiguquli, futhi i-reflection coefficient yamandla kagesi \({P_R}/{P_I}\) yehliselwe ku-\ ({V_R }^ 2/{V_I}^2\ ), bese kuthi \(|\rho _{V}|^2\).Esimeni lapho inani eliphelele lamandla kagesi lidingeka, bala isigameko \(P_I\) futhi ubonise\(P_R\) amandla (W) ngokuthatha impande yevelu yesikwele (rms) ye-voltage ehambisanayo, isibonelo, ngomugqa wokudlulisela onesinusoidal excitation, \(P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, lapho \(Z_0\) ilingana no-50 \(\Omega\).Amandla kagesi alethwa emthwalweni \(P_T\) (okungukuthi isisetshenziswa esifakiwe) singabalwa njengokuthi \(|P_I – P_R |\) (W RMS) kanye nokusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwamandla (PTE) kungachazwa futhi kuvezwe njenge iphesenti (%) linikeza 27:
Impendulo yemvamisa ibe isisetshenziswa ukulinganisa amaza emodali \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) wedizayini yestylus kanye nokusebenza kahle kokudlulisa amandla okuhambisanayo, \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{1{-}3} \ ).I-FWHM (\(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) ilinganiselwa ngokuqondile \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), kusuka kuThebula 1 amafrikhwensi \(f_{1-3}\) achazwe ku-.
Indlela yokulinganisa impendulo yemvamisa (i-AFC) yokwakheka kwe-acicular.Isilinganiso se-swept-sine se-dual-channel 25,38 sisetshenziselwa ukuthola umsebenzi wokuphendula imvamisa \(\tilde{H}(f)\) kanye nempendulo yawo eguquguqukayo H(t).\({\mathcal {F}}\) kanye \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) isho uguquko lwenombolo olufinyeziwe lwe-Fourier kanye nokusebenza kokuguqula okuphambene, ngokulandelanayo.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) isho ukuthi amasignali amabili aphindaphindeka kusizinda samafrikhwensi, isb \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) isho ukuskena okuphambene\(\tilde{X} r( f )\) kanye nesignali yokwehla kwamandla kagesi \(\tilde{X}(f)\).
Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni.5, ikhamera enesivinini esikhulu (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., New Jersey, USA) efakwe ilensi enkulu (MP-E 65mm, \(f)/2.8, 1-5 \ (\izikhathi\), Canon Inc. ., Tokyo, Japan) zazisetshenziselwa ukurekhoda ukuchezuka kwethiphu yenaliti ngaphansi kwe-flexural excitation (imvamisa eyodwa, i-sinusoid eqhubekayo) ngemvamisa ye-27.5-30 kHz.Ukwakha imephu yesithunzi, into epholile ye-LED emhlophe enamandla (inombolo yengxenye: 4052899910881, White Led, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) yabekwa ngemuva kwebevel yenaliti.
Ukubuka ngaphambili kokusethwa kokuhlola.Ukujula kukalwa kusuka endaweni yemidiya.Isakhiwo senaliti siboshiwe futhi sibekwe etafuleni lokudlulisa elinenjini.Sebenzisa ikhamera enesivinini esikhulu ngelensi yokukhulisa kakhulu (5\(\izikhathi\)) ukuze ulinganise ukuchezuka kwephuzu eligobekile.Zonke izilinganiso zingamamilimitha.
Ohlotsheni ngalunye lwe-bevel yenaliti, siqophe amafreyimu ekhamera angu-300 anesivinini esiphezulu angu-128 \(\x\) amaphikseli angu-128, ngalinye linokulungiswa kwendawo okungu-1/180 mm (\(\approx) 5 µm), ngokulungiswa kwesikhashana yamafreyimu angu-310,000 ngomzuzwana.Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 6, ifreyimu ngayinye (1) iyasikwa (2) ukuze ithiphu ibe kulayini wokugcina (phansi) wohlaka, bese kubalwa i-histogram yesithombe (3), ngakho-ke uCanny ufinyelela ku-1 futhi 2 kunganqunywa.Bese usebenzisa i-Canny28(4) yokutholwa konqenqema usebenzisa i-opharetha ye-Sobel 3 \(\izikhathi\) 3 bese ubale indawo ye-pixel ye-non-cavitational hypotenuse (ebhalwe \(\mathbf {\times }\)) kuzo zonke izinyathelo ezingu-300 .Ukuze kunqunywe ubude bokuchezuka ekugcineni, okuphuma kokunye kuyabalwa (kusetshenziswa i-algorithm yomehluko omaphakathi) (6) futhi ifreyimu equkethe i-extrema yendawo (okungukuthi ukuphakama) kokuchezuka (7) kuyahlonzwa.Ngemva kokuhlola ngokubonakalayo unqenqema olungenayo i-cavitating, ipheya yozimele (noma amafreyimu amabili ahlukaniswe ingxenye yesikhathi) (7) akhethiwe futhi ukuchezuka kwethiphu kukalwa (okulebulwe \(\mathbf {\times} \ ) Okungenhla kwasetshenziswa. ku-Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) kusetshenziswa i-algorithm ye-OpenCV Canny edge yokuthola (v4.5.1, umtapo wolwazi ovulekile wombono wekhompyutha, i-opencv.org amandla kagesi \ (P_T \) (W, rms) .
Ukuchezuka kwethiphu kukalwe kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwamafreyimu athathwe kukhamera enesivinini esikhulu ngo-310 kHz kusetshenziswa i-algorithm yezinyathelo eziyisi-7 (1-7) okuhlanganisa ukwenza uzimele (1-2), ukutholwa kwe-Canny edge (3-4), umphetho wendawo wephikseli isibalo (5) nokuphuma kokunye kwesikhathi sazo (6), futhi ekugcineni ukuchezukiswa kwethiphu ukusuka phezulu kuye kwaphezulu kukalwa ngamapheya ozimele ahlolwe ngokubukeka (7).
Izilinganiso zithathwe emoyeni (22.4-22.9°C), amanzi akhishiwe (20.8-21.5°C) kanye ne-ballistic gelatin 10% (w/v) (19.7-23.0°C, \(\text {Honeywell}^{\text { TM}}\) \(\text {Fluka}^{\text {TM}}\) IGelatin yeBovine nePork Bone yoHlobo lwe-I Ballistic Analysis, i-Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).Izinga lokushisa likalwe nge-K-type thermocouple amplifier (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) kanye ne-K-type thermocouple (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Kusukela endaweni emaphakathi Ukujula kukalwe kusuka phezulu (kusethwe njengomsuka we-axis engu-z) kusetshenziswa isiteji se-axis esinemoto esime mpo (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) esinokulungiswa okungu-5 µm.ngesinyathelo ngasinye.
Njengoba usayizi wesampula wawumncane (n = 5) futhi ukujwayelekile kwakungeke kucatshangwe, ukuhlolwa kwesamba sesamba sezinga le-Wilcoxon elinemisila emibili enemisila emibili (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project .org) kwasetshenziswa. ukuqhathanisa inani lethiphu yenaliti ehlukile yama-bevel ahlukene.Kube neziqhathaniso ezingu-3 emthambekeni ngamunye, ngakho ukulungiswa kwe-Bonferroni kusetshenziswe ngezinga lokubaluleka elilungisiwe elingu-0.017 kanye nezinga lephutha elingu-5%.
Manje ake sibheke kuFig.7.Ngemvamisa engu-29.75 kHz, ukugoba kwegagasi elinguhhafu (\(\lambda_y/2\)) lenaliti engu-21-gauge \(\ cishe) ngu-8 mm.Njengoba umuntu esondela ichopho, ubude begagasi obugobayo buyancipha buhambisana ne-oblique angle.Ephuzwini \(\lambda _y/2\) \(\ cishe\) kunezinyathelo ezingu-3, ​​1 kanye no-7 mm ze-lanceolate evamile (a), i-asymmetric (b) kanye ne-axisymmetric (c) yokuthambekela kwenaliti eyodwa. , ngokulandelana.Ngakho-ke, lokhu kusho ukuthi ububanzi be-lancet \ (\ cishe) 5 mm (ngenxa yokuthi izindiza ezimbili ze-lancet zakha iphuzu elilodwa 29,30), i-asymmetric bevel ingu-7 mm, i-asymmetric bevel 1 mm.Imithambeka ye-axisymmetric (isikhungo se-gravity sihlala singashintshile, ngakho-ke ubukhulu bodonga lwamapayipi kuphela obushintsha ngempela emthambekeni).
Izifundo ze-FEM kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibalo ngemvamisa engu-29.75 kHz.(1) Lapho kubalwa ukuhluka kokugoqa kwegagasi elinguhhafu (\(\lambda_y/2\)) le-lancet (a), i-asymmetric (b) ne-axisymmetric (c) i-bevel geometries (njengakuFig. 1a,b,c ).Inani elimaphakathi \(\lambda_y/2\) le-lancet, i-asymmetric, ne-axisymmetric bevels lalingu-5.65, 5.17, kanye no-7.52 mm, ngokulandelanayo.Qaphela ukuthi ukujiya kwethiphu yama-asymmetric nama-axisymmetric bevels kukhawulelwe kokuthi \(\approx) 50 µm.
Ukuhamba okuphezulu \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) inhlanganisela efanele yobude beshubhu (TL) nobude be-bevel (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).Ukuze uthole i-lancet evamile, njengoba ubukhulu bayo buhleliwe, i-TL elungile \ (\ cishe) 29.1 mm (Fig. 8).Kuma-asymmetric kanye nama-axisymmetric bevels (Fig. 9a, b, ngokulandelana), izifundo ze-FEM zazihlanganisa i-BL kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-7 mm, ngakho-ke i-TL elungile yayisuka ku-26.9 kuya ku-28.7 mm (ububanzi obungu-1.8 mm) futhi isuka ku-27.9 kuya ku-29 .2 mm (ububanzi 1.3 mm), ngokulandelana.Ngomthambeko we-asymmetric (Fig. 9a), i-TL elungile yanda ngokulandelana, yafinyelela endaweni ethafeni ku-BL 4 mm, bese yehla kakhulu ukusuka ku-BL 5 kuya ku-7 mm.Nge-axisymmetric bevel (Fig. 9b), i-TL elungile inyuke ngokuhambisana ne-BL ekhulayo futhi ekugcineni izinzile ku-BL isuka ku-6 iye ku-7 mm.Ucwaningo olunwetshiwe lwe-axisymmetric tilt (Fig. 9c) lwembule isethi ehlukile yama-TL alungile kokuthi \(\approx) 35.1–37.1 mm.Kuwo wonke ama-BL, ibanga eliphakathi kwama-TL amabili angcono kakhulu ngu-\(\approx\) 8mm (elilingana nokuthi \(\lambda_y/2\)).
Ukuhamba kokudluliselwa kwe-Lancet ku-29.75 kHz.Inalithi yayijabule ngendlela eguquguqukayo emvamisa engu-29.75 kHz futhi ukudlidliza kukalwa ekugcineni yenaliti futhi kwavezwa njengenani lokuhamba komshini okudlulisiwe (dB uma kuqhathaniswa nenani eliphakeme) le-TL 26.5-29.5 mm (ngokwenyuswa okungu-0.1 mm) .
Izifundo ze-Parametric ze-FEM ngemvamisa ye-29.75 kHz zibonisa ukuthi ukuhamba kokudluliselwa kwephuzu le-axisymmetric akuthintwa kancane ngoshintsho ubude beshubhu kunomlingani wayo we-asymmetric.Ubude be-bevel (BL) nobude bepayipi (TL) izifundo ze-asymmetric (a) kanye ne-axisymmetric (b, c) ye-bevel geometri ocwaningweni lwesizinda semvamisa kusetshenziswa i-FEM (izimo zomngcele ziboniswa ku-Fig. 2).(a, b) I-TL isukela ku-26.5 kuya ku-29.5 mm (isinyathelo esingu-0.1 mm) kanye ne-BL 1–7 mm (isinyathelo esingu-0.5 mm).(c) Izifundo ezinwetshiwe zokutsheka kwe-axisymmetric ezihlanganisa i-TL 25–40 mm (ngokwenyuka okungu-0.05 mm) kanye ne-BL 0.1–7 mm (ngokunyuka okungu-0.1 mm) okubonisa ukuthi \(\lambda_y/2\ ) kufanele ihlangabezane nezimfuneko zethiphu.izimo zomngcele ezihambayo.
Ukumiswa kwenaliti kunama-eigenfrequencies amathathu \(f_{1-3}\) ahlukaniswe ngezifunda zemodi ephansi, emaphakathi nephezulu njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1. Usayizi we-PTE urekhodwe njengoba kuboniswe kufig.10 bese ihlaziywa ku-Fig. 11. Ngezansi kukhona okutholwe endaweni ngayinye yemodeli:
Ama-amplitudes ajwayelekile arekhodiwe okudlulisa amandla ngokushesha (i-PTE) atholwe nge-swept-frequency sinusoidal excitation ye-lancet (L) kanye ne-axisymmetric bevel AX1-3 emoyeni, emanzini ne-gelatin ekujuleni okungu-20 mm.Kuboniswa i-spectra yohlangothi olulodwa.Impendulo yefrikhwensi elinganisiwe (eyisampula ku-300 kHz) yahlungwa ngokudlula okuphansi kwase yehliswa nge-factory engu-200 ukuze kuhlaziywe i-modal.Isilinganiso sesignali-kumsindo ngu-\(\le\) 45 dB.Izigaba ze-PTE (imigqa enamachashazi ansomi) ikhonjiswa ngamadigri (\(^{\circ}\)).
Ukuhlaziywa kwempendulo ye-modal (isho ukuphambuka okujwayelekile okungu-±, n = 5) okuboniswe ku-Fig. 10, emithambekeni engu-L ne-AX1-3, emoyeni, emanzini kanye ne-gelatin engu-10% (ukujula okungu-20 mm), kanye (phezulu) nezifunda ezintathu ze-modal ( aphansi, aphakathi nendawo naphezulu) kanye namaza ahambisanayo emodali\(f_{1-3 }\) (kHz), (isilinganiso) ukusebenza kahle kwamandla \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) Kubalwe kusetshenziswa okulingana .(4) kanye (phansi) nobubanzi obugcwele kuhhafu wezilinganiso eziphezulu \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), ngokulandelanayo.Qaphela ukuthi ukukalwa komkhawulokudonsa kweqiwa lapho kubhaliswa i-PTE ephansi, okungukuthi \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\) esimweni semithambeka ye-AX2.Imodi \(f_2\) itholwe ifaneleka kakhulu ekuqhathaniseni ukuchezuka kwemithambeka, njengoba ibonise izinga eliphezulu lokudluliswa kwamandla kahle (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), kufika ku-99%.
Isifunda semodeli yokuqala: \(f_1\) ayincikile kakhulu ohlotsheni lwento emaphakathi efakiwe, kodwa incike kujometri yemithambeka.\(f_1\) incipha ngokuncipha kobude be-bevel (27.1, 26.2 kanye no-25.9 kHz emoyeni ku-AX1-3, ngokulandelana).Izilinganiso zesifunda \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{1}\) kanye \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\) ngu-\(\approx\) 81% kanye no-230 Hz ngokulandelanayo.\(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\) unokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-gelatin ku-Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Qaphela ukuthi \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\) I-AX2 ku-gelatin ayikwazanga ukuhlolwa ngenxa yobude obuphansi oburekhodiwe be-FRF.
Isifunda se-modal yesibili: \(f_2\) sincike ohlotsheni lwemidiya efakiwe kanye ne-bevel.Amanani esilinganiso\(f_2\) ngu-29.1, 27.9 kanye no-28.5 kHz emoyeni, emanzini nasegelatin, ngokulandelana.Lesi sifunda se-modal siphinde sabonisa i-PTE ephezulu yama-99%, ephakeme kunanoma yiliphi iqembu elilinganiswayo, nesilinganiso sesifunda esingu-84%.\(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{2}\) unesilinganiso sesifunda \(\ cishe\) 910 Hz.
Isifunda semodi yesithathu: imvamisa \(f_3\) incike ohlotsheni lwemidiya ne-bevel.Amanani \(f_3\) amaphakathi ngu-32.0, 31.0 kanye no-31.3 kHz emoyeni, emanzini nasegelatin, ngokulandelana.I-\(\text {PTE}_{3}\) i-avareji yesifunda ibingu-\(\cishe\) 74%, ephansi kunanoma yisiphi isifunda.Isilinganiso sesifunda \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{3}\) ngu-\(\approximately\) 1085 Hz, ephakeme kunesifunda sokuqala nesesibili.
       Okulandelayo kubhekise ku-Fig.12 kanye neThebula 2. I-lancet (L) ichezuke kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuwo wonke amathiphu, \(p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), yazuza i-DPR ephezulu kakhulu (kufika ku-220 µm/ W emoyeni). 12 kanye neThebula 2. I-lancet (L) ichezuke kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuwo wonke amathiphu, \(p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), yazuza i-DPR ephezulu kakhulu (kufika ku-220 µm/ W emoyeni). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 kanye ne-таблице 2. Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (с высокой значимостью для , в конге, 7) воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Okulandelayo kusebenza kuMfanekiso 12 kanye neThebula 2. I-Lancet (L) iphambuke kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kwawo wonke amathiphu, \(p<\) 0.017) kokubili emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), ifinyelela i-DPR ephezulu kakhulu.(kufika ku-220 μm/W emoyeni).Smt.Umfanekiso 12 kanye neThebula 2 ngezansi.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中偏转最多（对所有尖端具有高显着性，\(p<\) 0.017（图端具（图端具）（图端具）（图端具）高达220 µm/W)I-柳叶刀(L) inokuchezuka okuphezulu kakhulu emoyeni nasemanzini (对所记尖端可以高电影性,\(p<\) 0.017) (图12a), futhi izuze i-DPR ephezulu kakhulu (kufika ku-220 µm/W ngaphakathi umoya). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, \(p<\) 0,017) в воздухе и воде (риадона 12). 20 мкм/Вт в воздухе). I-Lancet (L) iphambukise kakhulu (ukubaluleka okuphezulu kwawo wonke amathiphu, \(p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), yafinyelela ku-DPR ephakeme kakhulu (kufika ku-220 µm/W emoyeni). Emoyeni, i-AX1 eyayine-BL ephakeme, iphambukile phezulu kune-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka, \(p<\) 0.017), kuyilapho i-AX3 (eyayine-BL ephansi) iphambukise ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR engu-190 µm/W. Emoyeni, i-AX1 eyayine-BL ephakeme, iphambukile phezulu kune-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka, \(p<\) 0.017), kuyilapho i-AX3 (eyayine-BL ephansi) iphambukise ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR engu-190 µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самлон BLня зким BLня ним) I-X2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Emoyeni, i-AX1 ene-BL ephakeme ichezuke ngaphezu kwe-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka \(p<\) 0.017), kuyilapho i-AX3 (ene-BL ephansi) iphambukise ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR 190 µm/W.在空气中，具有更高BL的AX1 比AX2-3 偏转更高（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有显着性），而AX3（具有显着性). 190 µm/W . Emoyeni, ukuchezuka kwe-AX1 ene-BL ephakeme kune-AX2-3 (ngokubalulekile, \(p<\) 0.017), futhi ukuchezuka kwe-AX3 (ene-BL ephansi kakhulu) kukhulu kunaleyo ye-AX2, i-DPR ingu-190 µm/W . В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклоняется больше, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самым больше, AX2-3) 2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Emoyeni, i-AX1 ene-BL ephakeme ichezukisa ngaphezu kwe-AX2-3 (ebalulekile, \(p<\) 0.017), kuyilapho i-AX3 (ene-BL ephansi) iphambukisa ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR 190 μm/W.Emanzini angu-20 mm, ukuchezuka kanye ne-PTE AX1–3 bekungahlukanga kakhulu (\(p>\) 0.017).Amazinga we-PTE emanzini (90.2-98.4%) ngokuvamile ayephakeme kune-air (56-77.5%) (Fig. 12c), futhi i-phenomenon of cavitation yaphawulwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamanzi (Fig. 13, bheka futhi okwengeziwe ulwazi).
Inani lokuchezuka kwethiphu (lisho ± SD, n = 5) likalwa i-bevel L ne-AX1-3 emoyeni nasemanzini (ukujula okungu-20 mm) libonisa umphumela wokushintsha i-bevel geometry.Izilinganiso zitholwe kusetshenziswa i-excitation single frequency sinusoidal excitation.(a) Ukuchezuka kokuphakama ukuya phezulu (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) kuthiphu, kukalwa ngo-(b) amafrikhwensi emodi yawo ngokulandelana \(f_2\).(c) Ukusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwamandla (i-PTE, i-RMS, %) yezibalo.(4) kanye (d) Isici samandla e-Deflection (DPR, µm/W) esibalwe njengokuchezuka kwenani lokuya phezulu kanye namandla kagesi adluliswayo \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Isakhiwo esivamile sesithunzi sekhamera enesivinini esiphezulu esibonisa ukuchezuka okusuka phezulu kuye phezulu (imigqa enamachashazi aluhlaza nabomvu) ye-lancet (L) kanye nethiphu ye-axisymmetric (AX1–3) emanzini (ukujula kuka-20 mm) ngaphezu komjikelezo oyingxenye.umjikelezo, ku-excitation frequency \(f_2\) (imvamisa yesampula 310 kHz).Isithombe esimpunga esithwetshiwe sinosayizi wamaphikiseli angu-128×128 kanye nosayizi wephikseli \(\approx\) 5 µm.Ividiyo ingatholakala olwazini olwengeziwe.
Ngakho-ke, senze imodeli yokuguqulwa kwe-wavelength egobayo (Fig. 7) futhi sibala ukuhamba okuguquguqukayo komshini wezinhlanganisela zobude bepayipi kanye ne-chamfer (Fig. 8, 9) ye-lancet evamile, i-asymmetric kanye ne-axisymmetric chamfers yamajamo wejometri.Ngokusekelwe kokugcina, silinganisele ibanga elilungile lika-43 mm (noma \(\ cishe) 2.75\(\lambda _y\) ku-29.75 kHz) ukusuka ekugcineni ukuya endaweni yokushisela, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 5, futhi senza Three axisymmetric. ama-bevel anobude obuhlukene be-bevel.Sibe sesiphawula indlela abaziphatha ngayo uma bevama emoyeni, emanzini, naku-10% (w/v) i-gelatin ye-ballistic uma kuqhathaniswa nama-lancets avamile (Izibalo 10, 11) futhi sanquma imodi efaneleka kakhulu ukuqhathaniswa kwe-bevel deflection.Ekugcineni, silinganise ukuchezuka kwethiphu ngokugoba igagasi emoyeni nasemanzini ekujuleni okungu-20 mm futhi salinganisela ukusebenza kahle kokudluliselwa kwamandla (PTE, %) kanye nesici samandla achezukayo (DPR, µm/W) sendawo yokufaka ye-bevel ngayinye.uhlobo lwe-angular (Fig. 12).
I-needle bevel geometry ikhonjiswe ukuthi ithinte inani lokuchezuka kwethiphu yenaliti.I-lancet ithole ukuchezuka okuphezulu kakhulu kanye ne-DPR ephakeme kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-axisymmetric bevel enokuchezuka okumaphakathi okuphansi (Fig. 12).I-axisymmetric bevel engu-4 mm (AX1) ene-bevel ende kakhulu izuze ukuchezuka okukhulu okuphawulekayo kwezibalo emoyeni uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinaliti ze-axisymmetric (AX2–3) (\(p <0.017\), Ithebula 2), kodwa awubanga khona umehluko obalulekile .kubhekwe lapho inaliti ifakwa emanzini.Ngakho-ke, ayikho inzuzo esobala yokuba nobude be-bevel ende ngokuya ngokuphambuka okuphezulu ekugcineni.Unalokhu engqondweni, kubonakala sengathi i-bevel geometry efundwa kulolu cwaningo inomthelela omkhulu ekuphambukeni kunobude be-bevel.Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuqina kokugoba, isibonelo kuye ngokuthi ukushuba okuphelele kwezinto ezigotshiweyo kanye nokwakheka kwenaliti.
Ezifundweni zokuhlola, ubukhulu begagasi eliguquguqukayo elibonisiwe lithintwa izimo zomngcele wethiphu.Uma ithiphu yenaliti ifakwa emanzini ne-gelatin, \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{2}\) \(\ cishe\) 95%, futhi \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{ 2}\) uthi \ (\umbhalo {PTE}_{ 2}\) amanani ungu-73% no-77% we (\text {PTE}_{1}\) kanye \(\text {PTE}_{3}\), ngokulandelana (Fig. 11).Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukudluliswa okukhulu kwamandla e-acoustic endaweni yokulingisa, okungukuthi amanzi noma i-gelatin, kwenzeka kokuthi \(f_2\).Ukuziphatha okufanayo kubonwe esifundweni sangaphambilini31 kusetshenziswa ukumiswa kwedivayisi okulula kububanzi obungu-41-43 kHz, lapho ababhali babonisa ukuncika kwe-coefficient yokubonisa i-voltage ku-modulus yemishini yendawo yokushumeka.Ukujula kokungena32 kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zethishu kunikeza umthwalo wokushintshwa enalitini ngakho-ke kulindeleke ukuthi kuthonye ukuziphatha okuzwakalayo kwe-UZEFNAB.Ngakho-ke, ama-algorithms okulandelela i-resonance (isb. 17, 18, 33) angasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa amandla e-acoustic alethwa ngenaliti.
Ukulingisa kumaza wamaza okugoba (Umfanekiso 7) kukhombisa ukuthi ithiphu ye-axisymmetric iqinile ngokwesakhiwo (okungukuthi, iqine kakhulu ekugobeni) kune-lancet ne-asymmetric bevel.Ngokusekelwe ku-(1) kanye nokusebenzisa ukuhlobana kwe-velocity-frequency okwaziwayo, silinganisela ukuqina kokugoba esiqongweni senaliti njengokuthi \(\cishe\) 200, 20 kanye no-1500 MPa wendiza etshekile, i-asymmetric ne-axial etshekile, ngokulandelana.Lokhu kuhambelana \(\lambda_y\) ye-\(\ cishe\) 5.3, 1.7, kanye ne-14.2 mm, ngokulandelana, ku-29.75 kHz (Fig. 7a–c).Uma kucatshangelwa ukuphepha komtholampilo ngesikhathi se-USeFNAB, umphumela wejometri ekuqineni kwesakhiwo sendiza ethambekele kufanele uhlolwe34.
Ucwaningo lwamapharamitha we-bevel ngokuhlobene nobude beshubhu (Fig. 9) lubonise ukuthi ububanzi bokudlulisa obulungile buphakeme ku-asymmetric bevel (1.8 mm) kune-axisymmetric bevel (1.3 mm).Ukwengeza, ukuhamba kuzinzile \(\ cishe) kusuka ku-4 kuya ku-4.5 mm futhi kusukela ku-6 kuya ku-7 mm ye-asymmetric kanye ne-axisymmetric tilts, ngokulandelana (Fig. 9a, b).Ukubaluleka okungokoqobo kwalokhu kutholwa kuvezwa ekubekezeleni kokukhiqiza, isibonelo, uhla oluphansi lwe-TL elungile lungase lusho ukuthi ukunemba okukhulu kobude kuyadingeka.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-mobility plateau inikeza ukubekezelelana okukhulu kokukhetha ubude bediphu ngemvamisa enikeziwe ngaphandle komthelela omkhulu ekuhambeni.
Ucwaningo lubandakanya imikhawulo elandelayo.Ukulinganisa okuqondile kokuchezuka kwenaliti kusetshenziswa ukutholwa konqenqema nokuthwebula isithombe ngesivinini esikhulu (Umfanekiso 12) kusho ukuthi sikhawulelwe kumidiya ebonisa ngale njengomoya namanzi.Singathanda futhi ukuveza ukuthi asizange sisebenzise ukuhlolwa ukuze sihlole ukuhamba kokudlulisa okulingiswayo futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, kodwa sasebenzisa izifundo ze-FEM ukuze sinqume ubude obufanele bokwenziwa kwezinaliti.Ngokuphathelene nemikhawulo esebenzayo, ubude be-lancet ukusuka phezulu kuye emkhonweni \(\ cishe) ubude be-0.4 cm kunezinye izinaliti (AX1-3), bheka i-fig.3b.Lokhu kungathinta impendulo ye-modal yedizayini yenaliti.Ukwengeza, ukwakheka kanye nevolumu ye-solder ekugcineni kwephinikhodi ye-waveguide (bheka Umfanekiso 3) kungathinta i-impedance yemishini yomklamo wephini, ukwethula amaphutha ku-impedance yemishini kanye nokuziphatha kokugoba.
Ekugcineni, sikhombisile ukuthi i-bevel geometry yokuhlola ithinta inani lokuphambuka ku-USeFNAB.Uma ukuchezuka okukhudlwana kuzoba nomthelela omuhle kumphumela wenaliti ezicutshini, njengokusika kahle ngemva kokubhoboza, khona-ke i-lancet evamile inganconywa ku-USeFNAB njengoba inikeza ukuchezuka okuphezulu ngenkathi igcina ukuqina okwanele kwephuzu lesakhiwo..Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwakamuva35 lubonise ukuthi ukuchezuka okukhulu kwethiphu kungathuthukisa imiphumela yebhayoloji efana ne-cavitation, engase ibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhlinza ezingavamile.Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwengqikithi yamandla e-acoustic kukhonjisiwe ukwandisa isivuno se-biopsy ku-USeFNAB13, izifundo ezengeziwe zenani lesampula lesivuno nekhwalithi ziyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe izinzuzo zomtholampilo ezinemininingwane yejometri yenaliti efundwayo.