Umshicileli - Izindaba Zezemfundo YamaNdiya, Imfundo YamaNdiya, Imfundo Yomhlaba Wonke, Izindaba Zasekolishi, Amanyuvesi, Izinketho Zomsebenzi, Ukwamukelwa, Imisebenzi, Izivivinyo, Izikolo Zokuhlolwa, Izindaba Zasekolishi, Izindaba Zezemfundo
Ukukhiqizwa bekusehlobo eliphezulu.Umthetho Wama-Chips Nesayensi, oqale ukusebenza ngo-Agasti, umele ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ekukhiqizeni kwasekhaya e-United States.Umthethosivivinywa uhlose ukukhulisa kakhulu imboni ye-semiconductor yase-US, ukuqinisa amaketanga okuhlinzeka, futhi utshale ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukuze kuzuzwe impumelelo entsha kwezobuchwepheshe.Ngokuka-John Hart, uprofesa wobunjiniyela bemishini kanye nomqondisi Welabhorethri Yokukhiqiza Nokukhiqiza e-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, uMthetho we-Chip uyisibonelo sakamuva nje sokunyuka okuphawulekayo kwentshisekelo evela kubakhiqizi eminyakeni yamuva.Umthelela walolu bhubhane kumaketanga okuhlinzeka, i-geopolitics yomhlaba wonke, ukubaluleka nokubaluleka kwentuthuko esimeme, ”kusho uHart.Amasu amasha kubuchwepheshe bezimboni.“Ngokukhula kokugxila kwezokukhiqiza, ukusimama kumele kubekwe eqhulwini.Cishe ingxenye yesine yakho konke ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa ngo-2020 kuvela ezimbonini nasezimbonini.Amafekthri namafekthri angakwazi futhi ukuqeda amanzi endawo futhi akhiqize inqwaba yemfucuza, eminye yayo engaba ubuthi.Ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuguqukela emnothweni wekhabhoni ephansi, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe imikhiqizo emisha nezinqubo zezimboni kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuqhubekayo.UHart ukholelwa ukuthi onjiniyela bemishini banendima ebalulekile okufanele bayidlale kule ndima yezinguquko."Onjiniyela bemishini banekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuxazulula izinkinga ezibucayi ezidinga ubuchwepheshe be-hardware besizukulwane esilandelayo futhi bazi ukuthi bangakala kanjani izixazululo zabo," kusho uHart, uprofesa kanye neziqu eMnyangweni Wezobunjiniyela Bemishini ye-MIT.Inikeza izixazululo ezinkingeni zemvelo, ivula indlela yekusasa elisimeme.I-Gradun: Ukukhiqiza Izisombululo Zamanzi Ezihlanzekile kudinga amanzi, kanye nawo amaningi.Imboni yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor ephakathi isebenzisa amalitha amanzi angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 ngosuku.umhlaba uya ngokuya uhlushwa isomiso.I-Gradiant inikeza izixazululo kule nkinga yamanzi.Le nkampani iholwa ngu-Anurag Bajpayee SM '08 PhD '12 kanye nabasunguli kanye namaphayona angu-Prakash Govindan PhD '12 emanzini esimeme noma "imisebenzi ehlanzekile".U-Bajpayee no-Govindan, njengabafundi abaneziqu e-Heat Transfer Laboratory eqanjwe ngo-Rosenova Kendall, babelana nge-pragmatism kanye nokuthanda ukwenza okuthile.Phakathi nesomiso esinzima e-Chennai, e-India, u-Govindan wathuthukisela i-PhD yakhe ubuchwepheshe bokususa umswakama obulingisa umjikelezo wemvelo wemvula.Ubuchwepheshe ababubiza ngeCarrier Gas Extraction (CGE), kwathi ngo-2013 bobabili basungula iGradient.I-CGE iyi-algorithm yobunikazi ecabangela ukuhlukahluka kwekhwalithi kanye nenani lamanzi angcolile angenayo.I-algorithm isuselwe enombolweni engenasici, u-Govindan ake aphakamisa ukuyibiza ngenombolo ka-Linhard ukuze ahloniphe umphathi wakhe.izinga lamanzi ohlelweni liyashintsha, ubuchwepheshe bethu buthumela ngokuzenzakalelayo isignali ukuze kulungiswe izinga lokugeleza ukuze kubuyiselwe inombolo engenasici ku-1. Uma isibuyele enanini elingu-1, uzobe usezingeni eliphezulu,” kuchaza uGovindan, i-COO ye-Gradiant. .Uhlelo lucubungula futhi luphathe amanzi angcolile avela ezitshalweni zokukhiqiza ukuze aphinde asetshenziswe, ekugcineni konga izigidi zamadola ngonyaka ngamalitha amanzi.Njengoba inkampani ikhula, ithimba le-Gradiant lengeza ubuchwepheshe obusha kunqolobane yalo, okuhlanganisa nokukhipha ukungcola okukhethiwe, indlela yokonga yokukhipha ukungcola okuthile kuphela, kanye nenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-countercurrent reverse osmosis, indlela yabo yokugxilisa amanzi emanzini.Manje sebenikeza isethi ephelele yezixazululo zobuchwepheshe zokwelashwa kwamanzi kanye namanzi angcolile kumakhasimende asezimbonini ezifana nemithi, amandla, izimayini, ukudla nesiphuzo, kanye nemboni ye-semiconductor ekhulayo.“Singabahlinzeki bezixazululo zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ngokuphelele.Sinoxhaxha lobuchwepheshe bokuphathelene futhi sizokhetha emgodleni wethu ngokuya ngezidingo zamakhasimende ethu,” kusho uBajpayee, oyi-CEO yakwaGradiant.“Amakhasimende asibona njengabalingani bawo emanzini.Singakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zabo zamanzi kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni ukuze bagxile ebhizinisini labo eliwumgogodla.“I-Gradun ibe nokwanda okukhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.Kuze kube manje, sebakhe izindawo zokuhlanza amanzi namanzi angcolile ezingama-450 ezilapha izindlu ezilingana nezigidi ezi-5 ngosuku.Ngokutholwa kwakamuva, isibalo sabantu abaningi sikhule safinyelela kubantu abangaphezu kuka-500.Izixazululo zibonakala kumakhasimende abo, ahlanganisa i-Pfizer, i-Anheuser-Busch InBev ne-Coca-Cola.Amakhasimende abo afaka nama-semiconductor giants afana neMicron Technology, GlobalFoundries, Intel kanye ne-TSMC.Amanzi angcolile namanzi ahlanzekile ama-semiconductors akhuphukile ngempela,” kusho uBajpayee.Abakhiqizi be-semiconductor badinga amanzi e-ultrapure ukukhiqiza amanzi.Ingqikithi yezinto eziqinile ezincibilikisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi okuphuza izingxenye ezimbalwa esigidini ngasinye.Ngokungafani neyangaphambili, inani lamanzi asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-microchip liphakathi kwezingxenye ngebhiliyoni ngayinye noma izingxenye nge-quadrillion.Okwamanje, isilinganiso esimaphakathi sokugaywa kabusha endaweni yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor (noma ifektri) e-Singapore singama-43% kuphela%.Usebenzisa i-Ge C ubuchwepheshe bethu, lezi zimboni zingaphinda zigaywe kabusha u-98-99% “Wamalitha ayizigidi eziyishumi zamanzi awadingayo ngeyunithi ngayinye yokukhiqiza.La manzi agaywe kabusha ahlanzekile ngokwanele ukuthi angabuyela ohlelweni lokukhiqiza.”Sikuqedisile lokhu kuphuma kwamanzi angcolile, okucishe kwaqeda ukuthembela kwesikhungo se-semiconductor emanzini omphakathi.”I-Bajpayee In, i-fabry ci ingaphansi kwengcindezi eyandayo yokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwamanzi, okwenza ukusimama kube bucayi.ezitshalweni ezengeziwe zase-US ngokuhlukana: ukuhlunga amakhemikhali okusebenzayo njenge-Bajpayee ne-Govindan, Shreya Dave '09, SM '12, PhD '16 egxile ekukhipheni usawoti emanzini ukuze enze i-PhD yakhe.Ngaphansi kokuqondisa komeluleki wakhe, uJeffrey Grossman, UProfesa Wesayensi Yezinto Zokusebenza Nobunjiniyela, u-Dave wenza ulwelwesi olungahlinzeka ngokukhipha usawoti emanzini okuphumelelayo nokushibhile.Ngemva kokuhlaziya izindleko ngokucophelela nokuhlaziywa kwemakethe, u-Dave waphetha ngokuthi ulwelwesi lwakhe lokukhipha usawoti emanzini lwalungenakudayiswa.“Ubuchwepheshe besimanje buhle kakhulu kwabakwenzayo.yenza.Ashibhile, akhiqizwa ngobuningi, futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu.Besingekho imakethe yobuchwepheshe bethu,” kusho uDave.Ngemva nje kokuvikela incwadi yakhe, wafunda isihloko sokubuyekeza ephephabhukwini iNature esashintsha yonke into.Isihloko siveze inkinga.Ukuhlukaniswa kwamakhemikhali, okusenhliziyweni yezinqubo eziningi zezimboni, kudinga amandla amaningi.Imboni idinga ulwelwesi olusebenza kahle futhi olungabizi kakhulu.UDave wacabanga ukuthi angase abe nesixazululo.Ngemva kokuhlonza ukuthi kwakunamathuba ezomnotho, u-Dave, Grossman, kanye no-Brent Keller, PhD '16, badale i-Via Separations ngo-2017. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, bakhetha i-Engine njengenye yezinkampani zokuqala ukuthola uxhaso lwemali yebhizinisi evela ku-Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Njengamanje, ukuhlunga kwezimboni kwenziwa ngokushisa amakhemikhali emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu ukuze kuhlukaniswe ama-compounds.UDave ukufanisa nokubilisa wonke amanzi aze ahwamuke enze ipasta futhi okusele yi-spaghetti.Ekukhiqizeni, le ndlela yokuhlukanisa amakhemikhali inamandla amakhulu futhi ayisebenzi kahle.I-Via Separations idale ikhemikhali elilingana nemikhiqizo "yesihlungi se-pasta".Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ukushisa ukuze ahlukanise, ulwelwesi lwawo “luhlunga” izakhi.Le ndlela yokuhlunga amakhemikhali idla amandla angaphansi kwama-90% kunezindlela ezijwayelekile.Nakuba ulwelwesi oluningi lwenziwa ngama-polymers, ulwelwesi lwe-Via Separations lwenziwa nge-graphene ene-oxidized, ekwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezindawo ezinokhahlo.I-membrane ilinganiswa nezidingo zekhasimende ngokushintsha usayizi wembotshana nokushuna kwamakhemikhali angaphezulu.Njengamanje, u-Dave nethimba lakhe bagxile embonini ye-pulp nephepha njengesisekelo sabo.Bakhe uhlelo olusebenzisa kabusha into eyaziwa ngokuthi “utshwala obumnyama” ngendlela eyonga amandla.iphepha, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela ye-biomass isetshenziselwa iphepha.Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zephepha lemfucuza elisele ukusebenzisa i-evaporator ukubilisa amanzi, ukuwasusa emfudlaneni oxubile kakhulu kuya emfuleni ogxilile kakhulu, "kusho uDave.amandla akhiqizwayo asetshenziselwa ukunika amandla inqubo yokuhlunga. "Lolu hlelo oluvaliwe ludla amandla amaningi e-United States.Singakwenza lokhu ngokubeka "inetha le-spaghetti" ku-cauldron, u-Dave uyanezela.I-VulcanForms: I-Industrial Scale Additive Manufacturing Ufundisa isifundo sokuphrinta kwe-3D, eyaziwa kangcono ngele-Additive Manufacturing (AM).Nakuba kwakungeyona into ayegxile kuyo kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, wayegxile ocwaningweni, kodwa wasithola sithakazelisa isihloko.Njengoba kwenza abafundi abaningi ekilasini, kuhlanganise noMartin Feldmann MEng '14.U-Feldmann wajoyina iqembu labacwaningi lika-Hart ngokugcwele ngemva kokuthola iziqu ze-master in advanced production.Lapho bahlangana ngenxa yentshisekelo efanayo ku-AM.Babone ithuba lokusungula izinto ezintsha ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza insimbi obufakazelwe okwaziwa ngokuthi i-powder bed laser welding futhi bahlongoza ukuletha umqondo wokwenziwa kwensimbi engeziwe esikalini sezimboni.Ngo-2015 basungula i-VulcanForms."Sithuthukise i-AM Machine Architecture ukuze sikhiqize izingxenye zekhwalithi engavamile kanye nokukhiqiza," kusho uHart.“Futhi nathi.Imishini yethu ihlanganiswe ohlelweni lokukhiqiza lwedijithali ngokugcwele oluhlanganisa ukukhiqiza okungeziwe, ukucubungula kwangemva kokucubungula kanye nokwenza kahle.“Ngokungafani nezinye izinkampani ezidayisela abanye amaphrinta e-3D ukuze zenze izingxenye, i-VulcanForms isebenzisa uxhaxha lwezimoto zayo ukwenza nokudayisela amakhasimende izingxenye zemishini yezimboni.I-VulcanForms isikhule yafinyelela cishe kubasebenzi abangama-400.Ithimba livule ukukhiqizwa kwalo kokuqala ngonyaka odlule.Ibhizinisi elibizwa ngokuthi "VulcanOne".Izinga nokunemba kwezingxenye ezikhiqizwe i-VulcanForms zibalulekile emikhiqizweni efana nezigxivizo zezokwelapha, izishintshisi zokushisa nezinjini zezindiza.Imishini yabo ingaphrinta izingqimba ezincane zensimbi.“Sikhiqiza izingxenye okunzima ukuzenza noma, kwezinye izimo, okungenakwenzeka ukuzenza,” kunezela uHart, ilungu lebhodi labaqondisi benkampani.Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswe yi-VulcanForms bungasiza ukukhiqiza izingxenye kanye nemikhiqizo ngendlela esimeme kakhudlwana, kungaba ngokuqondile ngenqubo yokwengeza, noma ngokungaqondile ngochungechunge lokuhlinzeka olusebenza kahle futhi oluvumelana nezimo. ukonga okuphathekayo.Izinto eziningi ezisetshenziswa ku-VulcanForms, njengama-titanium alloys, zidinga amandla amaningi.ingxenye ye-titanium, usebenzisa impahla encane kakhulu kunezinqubo zendabuko zomshini.Ukusebenza kahle kwezinto kulapho uHart ebona i-AM yenza umehluko omkhulu ngokonga amandla.U-Hart uphinde aveze ukuthi i-AM ingasheshisa ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe bamandla ahlanzekile , kusukela ezinjinini zejethi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kuye kuma-fusion reactors azayo. uguquko kulokhu,” kwengeza uHart.Umkhiqizo: I-Friction.Uprofesa wobunjiniyela bemishini u-Kripa Varanasi kanye nethimba le-LiquiGlide bazinikele ekudaleni ikusasa elingenazingxabano futhi behlise ngokuphawulekayo imfucuza kule nqubo.Yasungulwa ngo-2012 ngu-Varanasi kanye nomfundi owafunda u-David Smith SM '11, i-LiquiGlide ithuthukise ama-coatings akhethekile avumela uketshezi ukuthi "lushelele" phezu kwendawo.Iconsi ngalinye lomkhiqizo lizosetshenziswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi likhanywa ngeshubhu lomuthi wokuxubha noma likhishwe embizeni engamalitha angu-500 efektri.Iziqukathi ezingakhuphuki zinciphisa kakhulu udoti womkhiqizo, futhi asikho isidingo sokuhlanza iziqukathi ngaphambi kokugaywa kabusha noma ukuphinda zisetshenziswe.inkampani yenze intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wemikhiqizo yabathengi.Iklayenti lakwa-Colgate lasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-LiquiGlide ekwakhiweni kwebhodlela lomuthi wokuxubha i-Colgate Elixir, eliwine imiklomelo eminingi yokuklama imboni.I-LiquiGlide ibambisene nomklami odumile emhlabeni wonke u-Yves Behar ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe babo ebuhleni nasekuhlanzekeni kokupakishwa kwemikhiqizo yomuntu siqu.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-US Food and Drug Administration yabanikeza umshini oyinhloko.Izicelo ze-Biopharmaceutical zakha amathuba.Ngo-2016, inkampani yakha uhlelo elenza ukukhiqizwa kwamabhokisi angenawo ukungqubuzana.ukwelashwa kwamanzi amathangi okugcina, ama-funnels nama-hoppers, ukuvimbela impahla ukuthi inganamatheli ezindongeni.Uhlelo lunganciphisa ukulahlwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuze kufike ku-99%.“Lokhu kungase kuwushintshe ngempela umdlalo.Konga udoti womkhiqizo, kunciphisa amanzi angcolile ekuhlanzweni kwamathangi, futhi kusiza ukwenza inqubo yokukhiqiza ingabi nemfucuza, ”kusho uVaranasi, usihlalo weLiquiGlide.indawo yesitsha.Uma isetshenziswa esitsheni, okokugcoba kusangena ekuthunjweni.Amandla e-capillary azinza futhi avumele uketshezi ukuthi lusabalale phezu komhlaba, enze indawo egcotshwe unomphela lapho noma iyiphi into ye-viscous ingashelela.Inkampani isebenzisa ama-algorithms e-thermodynamic ukunquma inhlanganisela ephephile yezinto eziqinile noketshezi kuye ngomkhiqizo, noma ngabe umuthi wokuxubha amazinyo noma upende.Le nkampani yakhe uhlelo lwe-robotic spray olukwazi ukuphatha iziqukathi namathangi efektri.Ngaphezu kokulondoloza inkampani izigidi zamadola kumfucumfucu womkhiqizo, i-LiquiGlide yehlisa kakhulu inani lamanzi adingekayo ukuze kuhlanzwe njalo lezi zitsha lapho umkhiqizo uvame ukunamathela ezindongeni.Idinga ukuhlanzwa ngamanzi amaningi.Isibonelo, ku-agrochemistry, kunemithetho eqinile yokulahlwa kwamanzi angcolile anobuthi.Konke lokhu kungaqedwa ngeLiquiGlide, ”kusho uVaranasi.Ngenkathi izitshalo eziningi ezikhiqizayo zivaliwe ekuqaleni kwalolu bhubhane, zehlisa isivinini ukukhishwa kwamaphrojekthi wokuhlola i-CleanTanX emafektri, isimo sibe ngcono ezinyangeni ezisanda kwedlula.I-Varanasi ibona isidingo esikhulayo sobuchwepheshe be-LiquiGlide, ikakhulukazi oketshezini olufana ne-semiconductor pastes.Izinkampani ezifana ne-Gradant, Via Separations, VulcanForms kanye ne-LiquiGlide zifakazela ukuthi ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa akudingeki kuze ngezindleko eziphakeme zemvelo.Ukukhiqiza kunethuba lokukhula ngendlela eqhubekayo.”onjiniyela bemishini, ukukhiqiza bekulokhu kuwumgogodla womsebenzi wethu.Ikakhulukazi, kwa-MIT, bekulokhu kukhona ukuzibophezela ekwenzeni ukukhiqizwa kusimeme, "kusho u-Evelyn Wang, uprofesa wezobunjiniyela wakwaFord nowayengusihlalo womnyango wobunjiniyela bemishini.iplanethi yethu yinhle.“Ngemithetho efana ne-CHIPS kanye ne-Science Act evuselela ukukhiqiza, kuzoba nesidingo esikhulayo sabaqalayo nezinkampani ezithuthukisa izixazululo ezinciphisa umthelela wemvelo, okusisondeza ekusaseni elizinzile.
I-MIT Alumni Yakha I-Platform Yokusiza Ukushicilelwa Kwesayensi Emhlabeni Wonke
Ochwepheshe Be-MIT Bahlangana Ukuze Bagqugquzelwe Intuthuko Ye-Neurotechnology